Copyright: © 1999-2002 Trimble Navigation Limited
Citation: © 1999-2002 Trimble Navigation Limited


Contents

The following Help Topics are available:

  Network Adjustment

  Adjustment Datum

  Network Adjustment Styles

  Points

  Observations

  Observation Groups

  Weighting Strategies

  Adjust

  Calibration Coordinates

  Remove Adjustment

  Network Adjustment report

To learn how to use Help, press the F1 key.

If you have a problem and cannot find the information you need in this Help system, refer to the Trimble Geomatics Office − Network Adjustment User Guide, contact your local dealer, or see Technical Support.

©1999−2002, Trimble Navigation Limited. All rights reserved.


Network Adjustment - Overview
    Network Adjustment − Overview

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Overview

The purpose of performing a least-squares adjustment of your network is to:

  estimate and remove random errors

  provide a single solution when there is redundant data

  minimize corrections made to the observations

  detect blunders and large errors

  generate information for analysis, including estimates of precision

After successful completion of a least-squares adjustment, you will determine that:

  there are no blunders and systematic errors in the observations and control points

  any remaining errors are small, random, and properly distributed

A least-squares adjustment ensures good positional closures and estimates of repeatability; thus, it ensures the reliability of your current and future measurements.

To complete a successful adjustment, a least-squares network must meet this criteria:

  The network must close geometrically and mathematically.

  The sum of the weighted squares of the residuals must be minimized.

Closing the network geometrically simply means designing your network using good, closed geometry. A GPS or terrestrial network consists of a series of observations between network points. These observations create closed, geometric figures such as triangles.

Closing the network mathematically simply means you have eliminated all large errors or blunders from the observations, thus ensuring acceptable statistical results.

Holding the weighted squares to a minimum relates to closing the network mathematically by saying that you must minimize the sum of the weighted squares of the residuals from your observations. Simply put, as you adjust each of your observations, the total adjustment of all your observations (squared), must be at the lowest value possible.

The Trimble Geomatics Office software tests this criteria for you and lets you know about any observations or control points that prevent the network adjustment from meeting the criteria.

When and Why to Adjust a Network

Begin your network adjustment after the following:

  GPS baseline processing (processing your raw GPS data)

  Importing your RTK baselines (with QC1 & QC2 data) and/or terrestrial data

  Removing error flags created from out-of-tolerance errors

TIP: Trimble strongly recommends that you read Appendix A, A Guide to Least Squares Adjustments in the Trimble Geomatics Office − Network Adjustment User Guide before starting an adjustment.

NOTE: If you have completed or imported (from a DC file) a GPS site calibration before performing a network adjustment, you will be asked to accept the removal of the GPS site calibration (parameters) before beginning a network adjustment. The Trimble Geomatics Office software will not allow you to have transformation parameters from a network adjustment and calibration parameters from a GPS site calibration in a project; you can have one or the other, not both.

Network Adjustment Procedures

The two major network adjustment procedures include:

1.	Begin with a minimally constrained adjustment (or a free adjustment when inner constraints are used) to adjust and perform a quality-control check of your observations. This step:

  checks the internal consistency of the network

  detects blunders or poor-fitting observations

  obtains accurate observation error estimates

2.	Perform a fully constrained adjustment. This step:

  references the network to existing control (datum)

  verifies existing control

  produces network transformation parameters

  obtains accurate coordinate error estimates

For information about performing an adjustment with a combination of GPS and terrestrial observations, see the topic To perform a combined adjustment topic.

NOTE: After completing a minimally constrained adjustment of GPS observations on the WGS-84 datum, you can save the WGS-84 coordinates of the adjusted points. These WGS-84 coordinates are saved for use as GPS points in a GPS site calibration. After generating local grid coordinates in a fully constrained adjustment for use as grid points in calibration, you can perform a calibration for use in the field (Stake out). You will be asked to accept the removal of the adjustment transformation parameters before beginning a GPS site calibration. Ensure that you have completed the network adjustment prior to beginning your GPS site calibration. For more information, see GPS Site Calibration.

NOTE: If you intend to perform a network adjustment using data transferred from Trimble Survey Controller software, make sure that you enter a pressure, temperature, and curvature and refraction correction in the survey controller survey style when performing the survey.


Datum - Overview
    Datum − Overview

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Overview

In general terms, a datum is a reference frame used to determine coordinates for points on the earth’s surface. Various local datums are used throughout the world to define the coordinates of a local area. There are also world datums used to define coordinates around the world. Typically, the known control points you use in your surveys are based on a local coordinate system using one of the local datums. When collecting GPS observations in the field, the observations are referenced to a world datum known as WGS-84.

When you created your project and defined its project properties in the Trimble Geomatics Office software, you should have selected a project coordinate system referenced to a particular local datum (project datum). The project coordinate system, along with the datum, is used to generate coordinates for all the points in the project.

Before performing a network adjustment, you can select the datum used for the minimally constrained and fully constrained adjustment steps. For the purposes of this discussion, this is called the adjustment datum. You can select the WGS-84 or the project datum as the adjustment datum. The selection of an adjustment datum applies only to the adjustment.

If you are performing a minimally constrained adjustment of GPS observations, use the WGS84 datum; the datum used by the Global Positioning System. Using a datum other than WGS-84 causes the adjustment to apply more or less residual to each observation, compensating for differences in the reference frame.

You must select the correct datum for each adjustment step; that is:

  Select the WGS-84 datum before performing the minimally constrained adjustment step with GPS Data.

  Select the project datum before performing a minimally constrained adjustment with terrestrial data. (If the datum selected for the minimally constrained adjustment is not the project datum, the project datum is selected before performing a fully constrained adjustment.)

NOTE: WGS-84 can be used as the project datum. Some surveys use control points referenced to a coordinate system using WGS-84 as its datum. In this case, the selection of a datum for the minimally constrained and fully constrained adjustments steps are one and the same.

NOTE: The Grid and Local coordinates summary in the Properties window are always displayed using the coordinate system selected for the project. Selecting WGS-84 as your adjustment datum has no effect on the grid and local coordinate display.

For more information, see Selecting a Datum.


    WGS-84 Datum

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If you are performing a minimally constrained adjustment of GPS observations, use the WGS-84 datum (the datum used by the Global Positioning System).

If you do not use the WGS-84 datum when adjusting GPS baselines, the adjustment produces different weighting results. This is because datum differences are embedded into the observations during the baseline modeling process.

For more information, see Selecting a Datum.


    Project Datum

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The Project datum is selected from the Coordinate System tab of the Project Properties dialog.

After performing an initial minimally constrained adjustment, select the Project datum as the adjustment datum.

The fully constrained adjustment step applies the transformation parameters required to:

  reference your GPS observations (WGS-84) to your local coordinate system (Project datum).

  transform terrestrial observations to fit your local control.

During this adjustment step, you can constrain control points in reference to the project datum, effectively transforming your WGS-84-referenced observations to your selected project datum

For more information, see Selecting a Datum.


Observation Groups - Overview
    Observation Groups − Overview

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Overview

The Network Adjustment software lets you separate sets of observations into groups. You can create these types of groups:

  Variance Groups

  Transformation Groups

Separating observations into groups allows you to better evaluate the errors in each type of observation.

Variance Groups

With surveys, there are often varying groups of measurements used in a single network. The adjustment must have a way of accounting for the differing errors associated with these GPS measurements. In the Trimble Geomatics Office software, variance groups provide the ability to separate these observations into groups.

It is easy to see that the more precise the surveying methods, the smaller the measurement errors.

The adjustment processor determines a separate reference factor and degrees of freedom for each group. This shows how each group contributes to the overall network adjustment.  Each group can be scaled individually using the Variance Groups option for the Apply Scalars To control in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

By default the GPS, terrestrial, and geoid observations are automatically separated into default variance groups (the <GPS Default>, <Terr. Default>, and <Geoid Default> group).

NOTE: The <Geoid Default> group will always be the only geoid variance group available in any network adjustment. Since the same method is used to interpolate for each geoid observation from the same geoid model, there is no need to separate them into multiple groups.

NOTE: If you have observations over very short lines (< 25 meters), Trimble recommends that you create a separate variance group for these observations so that they are scaled separately.

Transformation Groups

Transformation groups are selections of observations, collectively subjected to the same transformation or set of transformations during an adjustment. Each transformation group has a set of transformation parameters which can be applied individually or in sets to transform the observations within a transformation group.

You can control the transformations applied to each group by defining one or more of transformation parameters. If you are only interested in applying transformations to the deflection parameters, you can set the Status of each deflection transformation parameter to Computed and leave the other parameters set to Unused.

By default, these transformation parameters are set to Computed for transformation groups of GPS observations:

   Longitude Deflection

   Latitude Deflection

   Azimuth Rotation

   Network Scale

By default, only the Azimuth Rotation is set to Computed for terrestrial observations. Other parameters can be set to user-defined or computed, but they are only used when a systematic error is in the observations. For example, when an adjustment is run and all of the distances (measured by terrestrial techniques) have a +3 ppm residual, a distance scale parameter may be computed because there is a systematic error in the data collection. This systematic error may be caused by the ppm setting on the EDM not being applied.

NOTE: The Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you enter user-defined transformation parameters. Trimble recommends that you have a full understanding of transformation parameters before attempting to define manually entered Values for any parameters.

For more information about Transformation Parameters, see the topic Transformation Parameters - Overview.


Network Adjustment Report - Overview
    Network Adjustment Report − Overview

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Overview

Use this report to view the messages and statistics generated during a network adjustment.

To view the Network Adjustment report:

  Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report.

The default HTML viewer for your computer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears.

Once the report appears, you can use HTML viewer commands to navigate to these sections:

  Adjustment Style Settings

  Residual Tolerances

  Covariance Display

  Terrestrial Controls

  Setup Errors

  Statistical Summary

  Number of Iterations

  Global Statistics

  GPS Observation Statistics

  Geoid Model Statistics

  Terrestrial Observation Statistics

  Weighting Strategies

  Adjusted Coordinates

  Grid Coordinates

  Geodetic Coordinates

  Coordinate Deltas

  Control Coordinate Comparisons

  Adjusted Observations

  GPS Observations

  Geoid Observations

  Terrestrial Observations

  Histograms for Standardized Residuals

  Point Error Ellipses

  Covariant Values

Guidelines for evaluating report statistics are included with the topics listed above.

NOTE: You can select outlier observations in the Survey view by selecting them in the Network Adjustment report. To do this, select the observation ID from the Network Adjustment report (to select multiple observations, use the Ctrl key). The current selection in the Survey view is cleared and replaced by the observation(s) selected in the report.


Adjust - Overview
    Adjust − Overview

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Overview

Use the Adjust command to begin the adjustment process.

To begin an adjustment, do one of the following:

  From the Survey View menu, select Adjustment / Adjust.

  Press F10.

  In the project bar, select the Adjust group, and click the Adjust icon.

All adjustment iterations are performed automatically once the process begins. Use the status bar to monitor the status of the network adjustment; messages appear as each adjustment iteration is performed.

At most, the adjustment processor performs the maximum number iterations defined in the adjustment style. During each iteration, the residual of each observation is tested to determine if it matches the tolerance defined in the adjustment style. The adjustment process ends in fewer iterations if the network converges before the maximum number of iterations elapses.

Once the residuals of the observations pass the acceptance test criteria, the network converges and these functions are performed:

  The adjusted values for each point in the network adjustment are saved to the project as the current coordinate values with point qualities of Adjusted.

  An additional coordinate sub-record is created for each point in the adjustment. The type of sub-record is based on the following criteria:

  If a point is fixed in the adjustment and not imported using a NGS Data Sheet or as a control point in an ASCII file, an Office entered sub-record is also saved.

  Adjustment values for each point in the network adjustment become the coordinate value with a point quality of adjusted. The constrained point’s coordinate and point quality (control) remain as previously entered.

  In the Properties window, an adjustment coordinate page is created for each point in the adjustment. All unconstrained components of the point are assigned a point quality of Adjusted. Any constrained components are Null.

  A recompute is automatically performed. A recomputation will determine new coordinates for all non-network points. The new coordinates are computed using the non-network observations, propagating from the adjusted (and fixed) coordinates.

  The symbol for the adjusted points change to solid yellow circles.

  Error ellipses and arrows are generated for each point in the adjustment.

  All other points in the network adjustment are saved.

  The symbols for the adjusted points change; solid yellow circles appear when the graphics window has a black background and solid blue circles with the default background.

  Error Ellipses are generated for each adjusted point in the adjustment (not for fixed horizontal points).

The adjusted values are available for viewing in the properties page for each point. If the Error Ellipse display option is turned on, the ellipses are displayed on each adjusted point in the graphics window.

Now you can begin analyzing the results of the network adjustment by viewing the Network Adjustment report.


Weighting Strategies - Overview
    Weighting Strategies − Overview

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Weighting Strategies let you define the method for applying weight and scale to each observation type; GPS, terrestrial, and geoid. The Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you to define separate weighting strategies for each observation type.

It is important to weight each observation based on its observation type and quality. This allows the adjustment to properly scale each observation’s a priori error estimate. When defining weighting strategies, you can apply a scalar to these observations:

  All Observations

  Each Observation

  Variance Groups

Typically you will apply the scalar type to all observations or variance groups, depending on the methods used during the survey. When you set the Apply scalar to option to each observation, the User-defined scalar type option is disabled. Applying the scalar to each observation is typically used for analysis purposes only. Applying to each observation can help find an individual observation that is creating problems in your network adjustment.

Once a method for applying a scalar value is selected, you can define the scalar type used in the adjustment. These scalar types may be selected:

  Default

  Alternative

  User-defined

  Automatic

In some adjustments, the a priori error estimates computed for a group of observations could be under estimated. Using the correct weighting strategy allows you to scale the a priori estimates, thus estimating the correct errors for all observations.

When starting an adjustment, the default weighting strategy is set as apply the Default scalar type to all observations. The default scalar simply multiplies the a priori error by 1.00, leaving the error estimates unchanged.

If the estimated error in your observations matches the actual error, the reported reference factor should be approximately 1.00. Once the adjustment is performed, you may find the reference factor is not close to 1.00, indicating some scaling is required to match the estimated error to the actual error. The simplest way to apply the scalar is to select the alternative scalar type. The alternative scalar type uses the reference factor from the current adjustment, multiplied by the previous scalar, to determine the scalar for the next adjustment. This effectively brings the reference factor closer to 1.00. The Alternative scalar is applied to successive adjustments until the reference factor is approximately 1.00 and the Chi-square test passes. The automatic scalar type option automates this process.

NOTE: The reference factor from the first adjustment must be of an acceptable value before using the alternative scalar type. Typically a high reference factor indicates the presence of a large error in the adjustment. Check for outliers (that is, observations with high residuals) before starting the next adjustment. Applying the alternative scalar type to an adjustment with a high reference factor causes the scalar to increase to an unacceptable value.

Once the reference factor is acceptable and the Chi-square test passes, you can lock the last computed scalar. Locking the scalar automatically sets the Scalar Type to User-defined.

CAUTION: Exercise care when selecting the User-defined scalar type and entering scalar values. Before using the User-defined scalar type, you should have a complete understanding of error estimates, weighting strategies, and scalars.


Commands - Overview
    Commands − Overview

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All commands necessary for performing a network adjustment are located in the Adjustment menu. The command for generating a Network Adjustment report is in the Reports menu. The Network Adjustment commands are listed in the general order you will use to perform the steps of an adjustment. Use the Network Adjustment commands to help guide you through an adjustment of your network.

These commands are available on the Adjustment menu:

  Datum

  WGS-84 (Datum)

  Project Datum

  Adjustment Styles

  Points

  Observations

  Observation Groups

  Transformation Groups

  Variance Groups

  Weighting Strategies

  Adjust

  Calibration Coordinates

  Save (Calibration Coordinates)

  Remove (Calibration Coordinates)

  Remove Adjustment

This command is available on the View / Toolbars submenu:

  Ellipse Controls

NOTE: Selecting the Error Ellipses command is the same as selecting the Show point error ellipses & arrows check box in the View Options dialog − Error Ellipse Controls tab.

These commands are available on the Ellipse Controls toolbar:

  Error Ellipses

  Height Errors

  Elevation Errors

This command is available on the Report menu:

  Network Adjustment Report

This command is available on the Observations dialog:

  Disable Observations

NOTE: The Disable Observations command is equivalent to changing the state of an observation to Disabled from the Properties window. Disabled observations can only be re-enabled from the Properties window. For more information, see Disabling Observations and Re-enabling Disabled Observations.


Transformation Parameters - Overview
    Transformation Parameters − Overview

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Transformations are computed and applied during the fully constrained adjustment step, based on the transformation parameter settings selected for individual transformation groups. Each transformation group includes GPS, terrestrial, or geoid observations and an associated set of transformation parameter settings which, if computed, could be applied to transformation group observations.

Each transformation group has seven parameters. These seven transformation parameters each include a Value field which can be optionally used to define the transformation parameter value applied during a fully constrained adjustment. Each Value field has an associated Status setting which determines if the value in the Value field is undefined, computed, or user-defined.

These seven parameters are available:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

The first four parameters are generally used for datum transformations, such as transforming the WGS-84 datum to a project (local) datum. The deflections control the tilt in the horizon, the azimuth rotation is applied to azimuths, and the network scale is applied to all linear (distance and height) observations.

The remaining three parameters are generally used to solve for possible systematic errors in a group of observations.

By default, these transformation parameters are set to Computed for transformation groups of GPS observations:

   Longitude Deflection

   Latitude Deflection

   Azimuth Rotation

   Network Scale

By default, only the azimuth rotation is set to Computed for terrestrial observations. Other parameters can be set to user-defined or computed, but they are only used when a systematic error is in the observations. For example, when an adjustment is run and all of the distances (measured by terrestrial techniques) have a +3 ppm residual, a distance scale parameter may be computed because there is a systematic error in the data collection. This systematic error may be caused by the ppm setting on the EDM not being applied.

NOTE: The azimuth rotation, network scale, distance scale, and distant constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

Setting the status of a parameter to computed does not mean the parameter is computed and applied during the fully constrained adjustment step. The software evaluates the number of constraints in the network, and determines if the required amount of constraints are available to compute a parameter. For example, deflections require fixing at least three vertical coordinates in the network. If there is less than three vertical coordinates held fixed, the deflection parameters are not computed or applied.

The user-defined status setting allows you to predefine any or all transformations, which are applied to a transformation group. If the status is set to user-defined, the value entered is applied to the observation, and is not computed during the adjustment.

NOTE: Although, the Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you enter user-defined transformation parameters, you must have a full understanding of transformation parameters before attempting to define any transformation parameter.

When a Network Adjustment report is generated, the status of a parameter dictates how the value is reported. One or all of the following is generated:

  If the status of any parameter was set to unused, the parameter value is not reported in the Adjusted Observations sections of the report.

  If the status of any parameter was set to computed and the adjustment was unable to compute a parameter value due to insufficient constraints, no parameter value is included in the Adjusted Observations sections of the report. Once the adjustment is able to compute the parameters, the parameter value is included in the Adjusted Observations sections of the report.

  If the status of any parameter is set to user-defined, the parameter value entered is reported, regardless of the number of constraints.

TIP: You can also view the transformation parameters from the Adjustment tab of the detailed Coordinate System properties tab in the Project Properties window.

NOTE: The observed observation is displayed in the Properties window when selecting an observation. The adjusted or transformed observation is not available for viewing in the Properties window.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


Calibration Coordinates - Overview
    Calibration Coordinates − Overview

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Saving calibration coordinates lets you store GPS coordinates on the WGS-84 datum for a point. These coordinates are saved after completing a minimally constrained adjustment. After completing the fully constrained adjustment on the local datum, you can then save grid coordinates for the point.

NOTE: The Save calibration coordinates option is only available if the adjustment datum is set to WGS-84, and only GPS observations have been adjusted.

These two methods are available for creating calibration coordinates:

  Existing points

  New points with suffix

The Save coordinates for calibration group includes these options:

Existing Points

If you choose to save the coordinates under the existing points, the coordinates are saved under the corresponding point record. These coordinates are only used to position the point if no other survey data is available. They are saved for calibration only.

If the points are saved under existing points, the Point list in the GPS Site Calibration dialog is automatically populated.

New Points with Suffix

If you choose to save the coordinates under New points with suffix: GPS, a new point is created with the point name "<Point Name>-GPS". These coordinates are only used to position the point if no other survey data is available. They are saved for calibration only.

Use this option to keep the GPS and grid points for a GPS site calibration as separate entities.

Viewing Calibration Coordinates

Once calibration coordinates are saved to the project, you can view the properties of the calibration points in the Properties window.

Removing Calibration Coordinates

You can also remove calibration coordinates. The Calibration Coordinates command on the Adjustment menu displays a submenu with a Remove command for removing the calibration coordinates from the project.


    Coordinates Page Generated by Network Adjustment

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When you perform a network adjustment, adjusted coordinates are generated for each unconstrained point in the adjustment. You can view the adjusted coordinates in the Properties window.

The adjusted coordinate is generated in the current adjustment datum. For example:

  If the network adjustment is performed on the WGS-84 datum, an adjustment WGS-84 coordinate is created.

  If the network adjustment is performed on the project datum, an adjustment grid coordinate is created.

NOTE: Coordinates that have been fixed in the Points dialog are given a fixed control quality.  You cannot edit these coordinates.

Adjusted quality coordinates are used before unfixed control coordinates. They are removed before further adjustments, and when the adjustment is removed.


The Importance of Coordinate Homogenization in Network Adjustments

Before you adjust data in your Trimble Geomatics Office project, you must first import control points of a good quality. This is because after you import your data into the software, you need to perform a recomputation to determine the calculated position of the imported points, and the software uses the control points for its calculations.

Poorly seeded coordinates can lead to improper scaling of observations during baseline modeling, which then causes erroneous results from the network adjustment. Vertical coordinate errors produce scaling errors during modeling.

To prevent poor coordinates being passed to adjustment, make sure that:

  observations are from a high quality coordinate

  data is homogeneous; that is, there are no large closure errors in the data

If you try to perform an adjustment while closure errors exist in your project, the Non-homogeneous data warning dialog appears. Remove non-homogeneities before proceeding with your minimally constrained adjustment.

NOTE: It is only during an adjustment with default scalars that the software checks for non-homogeneity. If you edit data and intend to perform another adjustment, make sure that the Default scalar option (in the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs) in the Weighting Strategies dialog is set.


Adjustment Failed Error Messages

Overview

The following error messages may appear when performing an adjustment:

  Adjustment Failed − No convergence

  Adjustment Failed − Horizontal or vertical coordinate instability

  Adjustment Failed − Transformation instability

All three errors can occur during an adjustment, for a variety of reasons. Use the messages to identify problem points in your adjustment, and then investigate your data.

Adjustment Failed − No convergence

An adjustment is complete when the adjusted point coordinates do not change from one adjustment iteration to the next. This message appears when the coordinates for the points in the adjustment are changing by more than the residual tolerances. A blunder may exist in the data which causes the adjustment not to converge. For example:

  The unadjusted coordinates for a point may not be close to the adjusted values

  There may be an error in an observation (for example, an observed azimuth may be incorrect by 180 degrees).

You need to make sure that all blunders are removed before an adjustment.

This message may also be caused by angles in the adjustment that have observed distances shorter than 25 meters. Raise the "Residual Tolerance to End Iterations" to a value that accommodates the changing coordinates (1.0 e-3 m).

Adjustment Failed − Horizontal or vertical coordinate instability

This message is caused by a mathematical error during the adjustment computations.

The message tells you whether the problem is a horizontal or vertical coordinate, and identifies the point that caused the error. Examine your network, identify the problem point, and investigate your data.

Adjustment Failed − Transformation instability

This message is caused by a mathematical error during the adjustment computations. The message tells you which parameter caused the problem, and the transformation group name.

This message may appear if the GPS portion of a network is not fully integrated into the terrestrial portion. For example, this can happen in a combined network of GPS and terrestrial observations when the terrestrial part of the network consists of two or more segments not connected to each other. For more information, see the topic To combine different observation types in a network adjustment.

Make sure that sufficient observations exist to tie the GPS and terrestrial observations together and/or turn off the GPS transformations. Alternatively, resolve the problem by constraining the coordinates for a point that is directly connected to the GPS portion of the network.


Network Adjustment Styles dialog - Overview
    Network Adjustment Styles dialog − Overview

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Use this dialog to select, view, create, copy, edit, rename, and delete adjustment styles. The current style is called the active style. The settings defined for the active style are always applied to the next adjustment.

You can create a library of styles to perform different types of adjustments and share those styles among multiple projects.

To view the Network Adjustment Styles dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles.

These options are available:

Active Style

Use this field to identify the current active style for network adjustment. New active styles are selected from the list of styles and appear in this field. This field is for display purposes only and cannot be edited.

List of Styles

Select the active style from this list. Once a style is active, one of the buttons on the right side of the dialog can be selected to edit, copy, rename, or delete the style.

If you select a style and click OK, the style becomes the active style for the adjustment.

Trimble Geomatics Office software comes with several predefined adjustment styles. You can copy these and use them as the basis for creating new styles, or you can create new styles of your own. Any adjustment style can be edited.

The styles in this list are not saved in the project but are stored in the Windows Registry where they may be used for multiple projects.

Edit

Click this button to view or edit styles. Upon selecting this button, the style selected from the list of styles becomes the active style, and the Edit Adjustment Style dialog appears with options for editing the adjustment style.

New

Click this button to create a new adjustment style. When you click this button, the New Style dialog appears.

After naming the new style, the style becomes the active style, and the Edit Adjustment Style dialog appears with options for editing the adjustment style. For more information, see Creating Styles.

NOTE: The ‘95% Confidence Limits’ style is used as the default style when creating new styles.

Copy

Click this button to copy the active style and use it as a source for creating a new adjustment style. When you click this button, copy of the style becomes the active style, and the Copy Style dialog appears.

After naming the new style, the Edit Adjustment Style dialog appears with options for editing the adjustment style. For more information, see Copying Styles.

Rename

Click this button to display the Rename Style dialog. Use the Name field to enter the new style name. When you click OK, the style name in the Windows Registry is renamed, the style becomes the active style, and the new name appears in the Active Styles field. For more information, see Renaming Styles.

Delete

Click this button to delete the active style. Deleted styles are permanently removed from the Windows Registry and are no longer available. For more information, see Deleting Styles.


Edit Adjustment Style dialog - Overview
    Edit Adjustment Style dialog − Overview

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View this dialog when you want to view or edit the active adjustment style.

To view the Edit Adjustment Styles dialog:

1.	To view the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles.	The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

Click Edit.

The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

The following tabs are available:

General

Select this tab to view or edit the residual tolerances, sigma scalars, and general properties for an adjustment style. For more information, see General.

Covariance Display

Select this tab to view or edit the two-dimensional and three-dimensional covariance display options for the adjustment style. For more information, see Covariance Display.

Terrestrial Controls

Select this tab to view or edit the standard error settings, and to select which type of adjustment (horizontal, vertical or both) is performed. For more information, see Terrestrial Controls.

Set-up Errors

Select this tab to view or edit known errors in antenna height, antenna centering, instrument height, and instrument centering (plumbing). These definitions will be applied globally to all observations to compensate for errors when computing adjustments. For more information, see Set-up Errors.


Edit Adjustment Style dialog - General tab
    Edit Adjustment Style dialog − General tab

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Use this tab to define the residual tolerances, sigma scalars, and general properties for an adjustment style.

To view the General tab of the Edit Adjustment Style dialog:

1.	To view the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. 	The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	Select the General tab.

These options are available:

Use Reduced Column Profile

Select this check box to reduce the amount of computer memory required to adjust a network. For large networks, this option decreases the amount of time required to complete an adjustment.

NOTE: This option uses a combination of algorithms developed by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS).

Using this option has no effect on your adjustment results, except for not allowing the display of Covariant Terms between points not connected by observations.

When using this option, you must Fix at least one horizontal control point and one vertical control point.

If you perform a free adjustment (one with no fixed coordinates), then you cannot use the Use reduced column profile option. For free adjustments the switch in the general tab of the Adjustment Styles dialog is ignored and the adjustment proceeds without using reduced column profiling.

Restrict Covariant Terms to Observed Lines

Select this check box to limit the display of covariant terms. When this option is selected, there is no effect on final adjustment results, except for preventing the display of covariant terms between points not connected by observations.

When the check box is cleared, covariant terms are computed between every possible permutation of point pairs in the network. For large networks, the list of covariant terms in the Adjustment Report could become very long.

Compute Correlations for Geoid Model

When using geoid observations in an adjustment, keep vertical coordinates (height and elevation) fixed, so that an overdetermined solution can exist and a geoid residual can be calculated for the constrained points.

When the Compute correlations for geoid model check box is selected, geoid residuals are calculated for points with unconstrained vertical coordinates, using geoid model correlations between the points.

When the check box is clear, residuals are only computed for points with fixed heights and elevations.

Residual Tolerances

Use these options to control the residual tolerances used during the network adjustment process. For more information, see Residual Tolerances.

Sigma Scalars

Select an option from the list to set the univariate and bivariate sigma scalars. For more information, see Sigma Scalars.

Maximum Iterations

Enter the maximum number of iterations allowed when the adjustment attempts to converge the network. The default Maximum Iterations is 10.


    Residual Tolerances

More Information

 See also

Overview

These options control the residual tolerances used during the network adjustment. Network adjustment is an iterative process. Each adjustment iteration is checked for convergence based on these residual tolerances:

To End Iterations

Enter the residual tolerance used to determine if adjustment iterations should continue or stop.

After each adjustment iteration, an observation residual is computed using two different software routines. The difference of the two computations are compared to the To End Iterations tolerance. Based on this comparison, one of the following actions takes place:

  If the difference between the computed observation residuals is less than the To End Iterations tolerance, the adjustment iterations stop. A message is included in the Network Adjustment report stating Successful Adjustment in # iterations, where ## are the number of iterations required to converge the network.

  If the difference between the computed observation residuals is greater than the To End Iterations tolerance, the adjustment iterations continue. If the adjustment continues until reaching the Maximum Iterations, the Final Convergence Cutoff is used (see below).

Final Convergence Cutoff

Enter the convergence cutoff tolerance for the final iteration of the network adjustment. The software uses this value to determine if the network adjustment is successful when the final iteration does not pass the To End Iterations tolerance.

If the computed difference in observation residual for the last adjustment iteration is greater than the To End Iterations tolerance, the residual is compared to the Final Convergence Cutoff and one of these actions takes place:

  If the difference between the computed observation residual is less than the Final Convergence Cutoff, the adjustment is successful and a message is displayed stating ‘Successful Final Convergence after ## iterations (final convergence cutoff used)’, where ## are the number of iterations required to converge the network.

  If the observation residual is greater than the Final Convergence Cutoff, the adjustment fails and a warning dialog appears stating Adjustment failed. No Convergence.

These messages are also written to the Network Adjustment report.

The value entered in the Maximum Iterations field determines when the final iteration occurs. Use care when making changes to the number of iterations or the To End Iterations and Final Convergence Cutoff tolerances.


    Sigma Scalars

More Information

 See also

Overview

These options set the univariate and bivariate sigma scalars. Univariate sigma scalars are applied to all one-dimensional errors, propagated errors in observations, coordinate components, and horizontal precision. Bivariate sigma scalars are applied to all two-dimensional error ellipses.

By default, all propagated errors are displayed in 2-sigma standard error, equating to a confidence level of 95% for both Univariate and Bivariate Sigma Scalars.

These options are available:

Univariate

Use this list to select the univariate sigma scalar applied to all propagated errors in observations, coordinate components and horizontal precision. These are all single-dimensional errors.

For the US, Bomford and Spherical method, these options are available:

  1.000 (68%)

  1.646 (90%)

  1.960 (95%)

  2.575 (99%)

Bivariate

Use this list to select the bivariate scalar applied to all error ellipses. The error ellipses are graphical displays of two-dimensional errors.

These options are available:

  1.000 (39%)

  2.147 (68%)

  2.447 (95%)

  3.035 (99%)


Edit Adjustment Style dialog - Covariance Display tab
    Edit Adjustment Style dialog − Covariance Display tab

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this tab to define two-dimensional and three-dimensional covariance display options for the network adjustment style.

To view the Covariance Display tab of the Edit Adjustment Style dialog:

1.	To access the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	Select the Covariance Display tab. 	The Covariance Display options appear.

These options are available:

Horizontal

Use these options to define the two-dimensional covariance display options for the network adjustment style. For more information, see Horizontal.

Three-Dimensional

Use these options to define the three-dimensional covariance display options for the adjustment. For more information, see Three-Dimensional.


    Horizontal (Covariance Display)

More Information

 See also

Overview

These options define two-dimensional covariance display options for the adjustment:

Express Precision As

Use this list to define the method of expressing horizontal (2D) precision (P) as proportional errors. For horizontal precision, distance is the horizontal distance between points.

Select one of these options:

  PPM − Select this option to express horizontal precision in units of X parts per million, where X = distance × P × 1.0e-06).

  Ratio − Select this option to express horizontal precision in units of one part in X (where X = distance ÷ P).

  None − Select this option to disable the display of horizontal precision.

NOTE: Precision is calculated using the following formula:

(E x S)2 = C2 + P2

where:

E is the Propagated Linear Error

S is the scalar on Propagated Linear Error

C is the constant error term

P is the Precision

Propagated Linear Error

Use this list to define the horizontal (two-dimensional) propagated linear error for the network adjustment style. The computed propagated linear error is at 1-sigma, regardless of the Univariate and Bivariate Sigma Scalars.

Select one of these options:

  US − Select this option to use the standard error of adjusted horizontal (2D) or slope (3D) distance.

  Canadian − Select this option to use the largest semi-major axis of the 2D or 3D relative error ellipsoid.

  Bomford − Select this option to use the square root of the sum of the 2D or 3D relative error variances.

  Spherical − Select this option to use the mean of the 2D or 3D relative standard errors.

Constant Term

The Constant Term must be specified in the project units set in the project properties. The term must range from 0.0 m (0.0 usft) to 0.1 m (0.3 usft).

Scalar on Linear Error

Use this list to define the horizontal (two-dimensional) scalar for scaling precision to the desired level of confidence. For scaling relative covariance matrices, the propagated linear error is squared.

For the US, Bomford, and Spherical methods, select one of these options:

  1.000 (68%)

  1.646 (90%)

  1.969 (95%)

  2.575 (99%)

For the Canadian method, select one of these options:

  1.000 (39%)

  2.147 (90%)

  2.447 (95%)

  3.035 (99%)


    Three-Dimensional (Covariance Display)

More information

 See also

Overview

These options define three-dimensional covariance display options for the adjustment:

Express Precision As

Select the method of expressing three-dimensional (3D) precision (P) as proportional errors. For three-dimensional precision, distance is the slope distance between points.

Select one of these options:

  PPM − Select this option to express horizontal precision in units of X parts per million, where X = distance × P × 1.0e-06).

  Ratio − Select this option to express horizontal precision in units of one part in X (where X = distance ÷ P).

  None − Select this option to disable the display of horizontal precision.

NOTE: Precision is calculated using the following formula:

(E x S)2 = C2 + P2

where:

E is the Propagated Linear Error

S is the scalar on Propagated Linear Error

C is the constant error term

P is the Precision

Propagated Linear Error

Use this list to define the three-dimensional propagated linear error for the network adjustment style.

The computed propagated linear error is at 1-sigma, regardless of the values specified for the Univariate and Bivariate Sigma Scalars.

Select one of these options:

  US − Select this option to use the standard error of adjusted (horizontal (2D) or slope (3D)) error.

  Canadian − Select this option to use the largest semi-major axis of the 2D or 3D relative error ellipse.

  Bomford − Select this option to use the square root of the sum of the 2D or 3D relative error variances.

  Spherical − Select this option to use the mean of the 2D or 3D relative standard errors.

Constant Term

The Constant Term must be specified in the project units set in the project properties. The term must range between 0.0 m (0.0 usft) to 0.1 m (0.3 usft).

Scalar on Linear Error

Use this list to select the three-dimensional scalar for scaling precessions to the desired level of confidence. For scaling relative covariance matrices, the propagated linear error is squared.

For the US, Bomford, and Spherical methods, select one of these options:

  1.000 (68%)

  1.646 (90%)

  1.969 (95%)

  2.575 (99%)

For the Canadian method, select one of these options:

  1.00 (20%)

  2.50 (90%)

  2.80 (95%)

  3.37 (99%)

Use Elevation Errors if Available

Use this check box to determine whether available elevation errors or ellipsoid height errors are applied when computing three-dimensional (3D) precision.

Set this check box to compute three-dimensional precision using elevation errors, or clear the check box to apply ellipsoid height errors in three-dimensional precision computations.

When this check box is set, elevation errors are only applied to the computation when the geoid observations are loaded, allowing you to compute elevations. By default, this check box is set. Leave this check box set if you are confident in the quality of the fixed vertical control points and the selected geoid model.

Ellipsoid height errors are used and the state of this option setting is ignored in three-dimensional precision computations when no geoid model is selected in the project properties.


Edit Adjustment Style dialog - Set-up Errors tab
    Edit Adjustment Style dialog − Set-up Errors tab

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this style to define known errors in antenna height, antenna centering, instrument height, and instrument centering (plumbing). These definitions will be applied globally to all observations to compensate for errors when computing network adjustments.

To view the Set-up Errors tab of the Edit Adjustment Properties dialog:

1.	To access the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	Select the Set-up Errors tab.

In the GPS group, the following options are available:

Error in Height of Antenna

Use this field to define the estimated error in antenna height. The estimated error is applied globally to all GPS observations when computing the network adjustment.

The estimated error is based on the type of measurement tool and the ability to read the measurement.  If a steel tape is used to measure the antenna height, the allowable error estimates are slightly higher than those of a height measurement rod. A rod is a more rigid tool for measuring height, as opposed to the flexible steel tape.

Estimated errors in antenna height typically range from 0.000 to 0.004 mm (0.000 to 0.013 sft). The default is 0.000 m (0.000 sft).

Centering Error

Use this field to define the estimated error in centering when plumbing and leveling an antenna over the survey point.

The estimated error is applied globally to all GPS observations when computing the network adjustment. The estimated error is influenced by how well the tribrachs are maintained and how well they are centered over the survey point.

Centering errors typically range from 0.000 to 0.002 m (0.002 to 0.007 sft). The default is 0.000 m (0.000 sft).

In the Terrestrial group, the following options are available:

Error in Height of Instrument

Use this field to define the estimated error in instrument height or target height. The estimated error is applied globally to all terrestrial observations when the network adjustment is computed.

The estimated error is based on the type of measurement tool and the ability to read the measurement. Estimated errors in instrument height typically range from 0.000 to 0.004 m (0.000 to 0.013 sft). The default is 0.000 m (0.000 sft).

Centering Error

Use this field to define the estimated error in centering when plumbing and leveling an instrument or target over the survey points.

The estimated error is applied globally to all terrestrial observations when the network adjustment is computed. The estimated error is influenced by how well the tribrachs are maintained and how well they are centered over the survey point.

Centering errors typically range from 0.000 to 0.002 m (0.002 to 0.007 sft). The default is 0.000 m (0.000 sft).


    New Style dialog

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this dialog to create a new network adjustment style.

To view the New Style dialog:

1.	To access the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Click New. The new style becomes the active style, and the New Style dialog appears.

One option is available:

Name

Select this field to type the name of the new network adjustment style. The name can include up to 255 characters, but shorter names are easier to find in the list of styles. Click OK after naming the style to view the Edit Adjustment Style dialog. You can use this dialog to edit the style controls.


    Copy Style dialog

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this dialog to create a new network adjustment style based on a copy of another network adjustment style.

To view the Copy Style dialog:

1.	To access the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select an existing style to copy from the list of styles.

Click Copy.

The copied style becomes the active style, and the Copy Style dialog appears.

One option is available:

Name

Select this field to type the name for the new network adjustment style. A copy of the file selected from the list of styles will be created using the new name. The name can include up to 255 characters, but shorter names are easier to find in the list of styles. Click OK after naming the style to view the Edit Adjustment Style. You can use this dialog to change the adjustment style controls.


    Rename Style dialog

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this dialog to rename a network adjustment style.

To view the Rename Style dialog:

1.	To access the Network Adjustment Styles dialog, select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style to rename from the list of styles.

Click Rename.

The Rename Style dialog appears.

One option is available:

Name

Enter the new name for the network adjustment style in this field. The name can include up to 255 characters, but short descriptive names are easier to find in the list of styles.


Edit Adjustment Style dialog - Terrestrial Controls tab
Edit Adjustment Style dialog − Terrestrial Controls tab

More Information

 Dialog

Overview

Use this adjustment style to define terrestrial error estimates and controls. These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Measurements	The terrestrial measurements available. These include:   Horizontal angles   Slope distances   Vertical angles   Delta elevations   Level Rod Reading   Geoid separations   Azimuths
Default standard errors	The standard errors that are used when standard errors are not provided with the observation.
Absolute minimum standard errors	The absolute-minimum standard errors. These errors are used when they are larger than the standard errors provided.
Proportional minimum standard errors	The proportional minimum standard errors. These errors are used when the sum of the absolute error component and the proportional error component is larger than the standard errors provided. NOTE: A proportional error only exists for slope distances.
Select one of the following check boxes to specify the type of adjustment to be performed on terrestrial observations:

  Perform vertical adjustment

  Perform horizontal adjustment


To add transformation group observations

 Overview and More Information

Observations can be added to a user-defined transformation group at any time. Observations can also be removed when they are no longer required.

TIP: Click Filter to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering the observation types in the Available Observations list.

TIP: You can also move columns to new locations, resize columns to show more or less information, and sort in ascending or descending order.

To add observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

NOTE: You cannot edit the Geoid default transformation group.

3.	Select the Transformation group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears with the selected group’s observations displayed in the Group Observations list.

5.	Select an observation from the Available Observations list.

6.	Click Add. The observation is added to the Group Observations list.

7.	Click OK. The changes are saved.


To add variance group observations

Overview and More Information
Observations can be added to a variance group at any time. Observations can also be removed when they are no longer required.

TIP: Click Filter to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering the observation types in the Available Observations list.

TIP: You can also move columns to new locations, resize columns to show more or less information, and sort in ascending or descending order.

To add observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

NOTE: You cannot edit the Geoid default variance group.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Variance Group dialog appears. The Group Observations list shows the current observations in the group, and the Available Observations list shows all enabled project observations.

5.	Click the observation in the Available Observations list you want to add to the group.

6.	Click Add. The observation is added to the Group Observations list and removed from the Available Observations group.

7.	Click OK. The changes are saved.


To apply weighting strategies

 Overview and More Information

Weighting strategies can be applied to the next iteration of an adjustment.

To apply weighting strategies:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Weighting Strategies dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Edit the weighting strategies.

4.	Click Apply. The new weighting strategy will be applied to the next adjustment iteration.

5.	Click OK. The dialog closes.


To change transformation parameter value

Overview and More Information
CAUTION: Use extreme caution when changing transformation parameter value fields. A thorough knowledge of network adjustment theory and least-squares adjustments is necessary before attempting these changes.

NOTE: The Azimuth Rotation, Network Scale, Distance Scale, and Distant Constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations. These fields are editable GPS and terrestrial observations.

To change a parameter value:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

5.	Select the Value field for the desired transformation parameter.

6.	Enter the new parameter value.

Consider these guidelines:

  Angular values are entered as DDD.MMSSssss with sign.

  Linear values are entered in the Project units with sign.

Guidelines for changing the Value and Status of individual transformation parameters can be found in these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

7.	Select the User-defined option from the Status list. For more information, select one of the topics listed above.

8.	Repeat steps 1 through 7 to change additional transformation parameter values if necessary. You may need to change the Value and Status fields of several parameters to create the desired transformation.

9.	Click OK.

The changes are applied to the transformation group.


To clear fix status of points to remove coordinate component constraints

The Fix Status settings used to constrain individual points to a coordinate component in the Points list can be selectively cleared.

To clear Fix Status settings:

1.	Select Adjustment / Points. The Points dialog appears.

2.	Use the scroll bar to find the desired point.

3.	Select the point.

4.	In the Fix option group, clear the applicable check marks to remove the component constraints.

Click OK.

The changes are applied to the project.


To copy network adjustment styles

Existing styles can be copied to create a new style. The network adjustment settings defined for the new style will be identical to the original style. Once the style is copied, the adjustment settings can be customized.

To copy a style:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Click Copy. The Copy Style dialog appears.

3.	Type the name of the new style in the Name field.

4.	Click OK. The Edit Adjustment Style dialog appears.

5.	Edit the style settings.

6.	Click OK. The new style is saved.


To create network adjustment styles

New adjustment styles can be created in two ways. This topic shows how to create new styles based on the Adjustment Style settings in the 95% Confidence Limits style. A second topic is available for copying the settings in an existing style to a new one.

TIP: The new style can be edited to fine tune the adjustment settings to suit your needs, allowing those settings to be applied to new styles as they are created.

To create a new style:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Click New. The New Style dialog appears.

3.	In the Name field, enter the new style name. Style names can include up to 255 characters, but shorter file names are easier to find in the list of styles.

4.	Click OK. The Edit Adjustment Style dialog appears.

5.	Select one of these tabs:

  General

  Covariance Display

 Terrestrial Controls

  Set-up Errors

6.	Edit the desired style controls.

7.	Click OK to save the new style.


To create transformation groups

 Overview and More Information

One or more transformation groups can be created for a network adjustment. Once created, the group is added to the Groups list.

NOTE: Only new transformation groups of GPS or terrestrial observations can be created. Multiple geoid transformation groups are not allowed.

To create a new group:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Click New. The New Transformation Group dialog appears.

4.	Type the group name in the Name field.

5.	Click OK. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears with these options.

6.	Add observations from the Available Observations list to the Group Observations list.

7.	Define transformation parameters for the groups or set them to be computed.

TIP: You can filter the list to temporarily hide observation types, making the list smaller. Smaller lists let you find observations more quickly.

To filter observations:

1.	Click Filter. The Observation Filter dialog appears. Initially, the check boxes for all observation types are selected, making all observations visible in the Available Observation list.

2.	Clear any combination of check boxes to hide observation types. The filtering action only affects the current editing session. When the dialog closes, the filters are reset to their original values.

To add an observation:

1.	Select the observation from the Available Observation list. The Add button becomes available.

NOTE:  The Transformation field identifies transformation groups already associated with observations. Use this field as a guide while adding observations. Individual observations can be assigned to only one transformation group other than <GPS default> or <Terr. default>. However, observations in one group can be transferred to the active group by selecting them and clicking Add. All GPS observations remain assigned to <GPS default>, even when added to another transformation group. Similarly, all terrestrial observations remain assigned to <Terr. default>, even when added to another transformation group.

2.	Click Add.

The observation is added to the Group Observations list.

To remove observations:

1.	Select the observation from the Group Observations list. The Remove button becomes available.

2.	Click Remove.

The observation is removed from Group Observations list.

NOTE: The state of removed observations changes in the Available Observations list. The Transformation field for the observation is cleared, allowing the observation to be added to other transformation groups.

NOTE: Observations cannot be removed from the <GPS default>, <Terr default> or <Geoid default> transformation groups.

To define transformation parameters:

CAUTION: Use extreme caution when changing a transformation parameter value or status. A thorough knowledge of network adjustment theory and least squares adjustments is necessary before attempting these changes. For a list of references to learn more about network adjustment theory and least squares adjustments, see the Bibliography.

1.	Select the Value field for the desired parameter.

2.	Edit the field using the guidelines presented in one of these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

NOTE: The azimuth rotation, network scale, distance scale, and distant constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

3.	Select the appropriate option from the Status list. For more information, see the topics listed above.

4.	To save changes, click OK.


To create variance groups

New variance groups can be created at any time between adjustments.

NOTE: You can only create new variance groups for GPS or terrestrial observations. Multiple geoid variance groups are not allowed.

To create variance groups:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Click New to create a Variance Group. The New Variance Group dialog appears.

4.	Enter the name of the new group.

5.	Click OK. The Edit Variance Group dialog appears. The Available Observations list is used to select the observation for adding to the new group.

6.	Select the desired observation.

TIP: Click Filter to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering the observation types in the Available Observations list.

7.	Click Add.

8.	Repeat steps 1 through 7 until you are finished creating the group.

9.	Click OK. The changes are saved to the project.


To define transformation parameters

Overview and More Information
CAUTION: Use extreme caution when changing transformation parameter value fields. A thorough knowledge of network adjustment theory and least-squares adjustments is necessary before attempting these changes.

To change a parameter value:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

5.	Select the Value field for the desired transformation parameter.

6.	Enter the new parameter value.

Consider these guidelines:

  Angular values are entered as DDD.MMSSssss with sign.

  Linear values are entered in the Project units with sign.

Guidelines for changing the Value and Status of individual transformation parameters can be found in these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

NOTE: The Azimuth Rotation, Network Scale, Distance Scale, and Distant Constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

7.	Select the transformation parameter Status from the list. For more information, see one of the topics listed above.

8.	Repeat steps 2 through 7 to change additional transformation parameter values if necessary.

You may need to change the Value and Status fields of several to create the desired transformation.

9.	Click OK.

The changes are applied to the transformation group.


To delete transformation groups

 Overview and More Information

User-defined transformation groups can be deleted when they are no longer required. When deleted, the group is removed from the project and is no longer accessible.

NOTE: The <GPS default>, <Terr. default>, and <Geoid default> transformation groups cannot be deleted. The Delete button is automatically disabled when no groups other than the default groups are listed.

To delete a group:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the group.

4.	Click Delete. A verification message appears to confirm the action.

5.	Click OK.


To delete variance groups

 Overview and More Information

Variance groups can be deleted when they are no longer required. Deleted variance groups are removed from the project and are no longer accessible.

NOTE: The <GPS default>, <Terr. default> and <Geoid default> variance groups cannot be deleted. The Delete button is automatically disabled when no groups other than the default groups are listed.

To delete a group:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Delete. A verification message confirms the action.

5.	Click OK.


To delete network adjustment styles

Network adjustment styles can be deleted when they are no longer required. Once deleted, the style is removed from the project and is no longer accessible.

NOTE: At least one style must exist in the list of styles. The Delete button is automatically disabled when only one style exists in the list. If you want to delete the last style and replace it with another, click New to create a new style. New styles are based on the 95% Confidence Limits Style. For more information, see Creating Network Adjustment Styles.

To delete a style:

1.	Select Adjustments / Adjustment styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select the style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Delete. A message appears and confirms the action.

4.	Click OK.


To disable observations from adjustments and recomputations

 Overview and More Information

If you do not want to use an observation in a network adjustment or recomputation, then you can disable it. Disabling an observation removes it from the Observations dialog, but does not permanently delete its data from your project.

There are two ways to disable an observation.

To disable observations from the Observations dialog:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Scroll to the desired observation.

TIP: You can filter observations in the Available Observations list to show or hide selected observation types, making it easier to find observation.

4.	Right-click the observation to access the shortcut menu and select Disable. The observation is removed from the list and will be no longer used for future network adjustments and recomputations.

Observations in the graphics window become red when they are disabled.

5.	Click OK to save the changes to the project.

To disable observations from the graphics window:

1.	Double-click the observation. The Properties window appears.

2.	Click the Summary page [image] menu button. The Summary page appears.

3.	In the Status list, select Disable.

If you want to re-enable disabled observations, you must edit the observation properties in the graphics window.

NOTE: Disabling an observation is different from excluding an observation. Like disabled observations, excluded ones are not used for network adjustments or recomputations. However, they still appear in the Observations list. The observation data is not permanently deleted from the project, so you can use a previously excluded observation again.


To edit covariance display adjustment style options

 Overview and More Information

Covariance display settings can be edited at any time between adjustments.

To edit Covariance display settings:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	In the Covariance Style tab, edit the following options, as necessary:

  Horizontal

  Three-Dimensional

5.	After editing the options, click OK. The changes are applied to the adjustment style.


To edit general adjustment style options

The General options can be edited at any time between adjustments.

To edit the General settings:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	In the General tab, select or clear the following check boxes:

  Use reduced column profile

  Restrict covariant terms to observed lines

  Compute correlations for geoid model

5.	Edit the Residual Tolerances options.

6.	Edit the Sigma Scalars options.

7.	Enter a new value in the Maximum iterations field.

8	Click OK to save the changes.


To edit terrestrial control style options

 Overview and More Information

You can edit the Terrestrial Control options at any time between adjustments.

To do this:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	In the Terrestrial Control tab, edit the standard error values for the relevant measurements.

5.	Select or clear the Perform vertical adjustment check box. This option is selected when you are adjusting a 3D traverse or level data.

6. 	Select or clear the Perform horizontal adjustment check box. This option is selected when you are adjusting a 2D traverse.

7. 	Click OK to save the changes.


To edit transformation groups

 Overview and More Information

Several operations can be performed when editing a GPS or terrestrial transformation group. These include adding observations to the group, removing observations from the group, and defining transformation parameters. The editing of the geoid transformation group is limited to the definition of transformation parameters.

To edit the GPS, terrestrial, or geoid transformation group:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the transformation group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Groups dialog appears.

5.	Add or remove observations (see below). (GPS or terrestrial only)

6.	Define transformation parameters (see below) or set them to compute. (GPS, terrestrial, or geoid)

To filter observations in a GPS transformation group:

1.	Click Filter. The Observation Filter dialog appears. Initially, the check boxes for all observation types are selected, making all observations visible in the Available Observation list.

2.	Clear any combination of check boxes to hide observation types. The filtering action only affects the current editing session. When the dialog closes, the filters are reset to their original values.

To add a GPS or terrestrial observation:

1.	Select the observation from the Available Observation list. The observation is highlighted, and the Add button becomes available.

NOTE:  The Transformation field of the Available Observations list identifies transformation groups already associated with observations. Use this field as a guide while adding observations. Individual observations can be assigned to only one transformation group.

2.	Click Add.

The observation is added to the Group Observations list.

To remove GPS or terrestrial observations from a transformation group:

1.	Select the observation from the Group Observations list. The observation is highlighted, and the Remove button becomes available.

2.	Click Remove. The observation is removed Group Observations list.

NOTE: Observations cannot be removed from the <GPS default>, <Terr. default> or <Geoid default> transformation groups.

NOTE: The state of removed observations changes in the Available Observations list. The Transformation field for the observation is cleared, allowing the observation to be added to other transformations groups.

To define transformation parameters for a GPS, terrestrial, or geoid transformation group:

CAUTION: Use extreme caution when changing a transformation parameter value or status. A thorough knowledge of network adjustment theory and least squares adjustments is necessary before attempting these changes. For a list of references to learn more about network adjustment theory and least squares adjustments, see the Bibliography.

1.	Select the Value field for the desired parameter.

2.	Edit the field using the guidelines presented in one of these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

NOTE: The Azimuth Rotation, Network Scale, Distance Scale, and Distant Constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

3.	Select the appropriate option from the Status list. For more information, see the topics listed above.

4.	Click OK to save the changes to the project.


To edit variance groups

 Overview and other information

Variance groups can be edited between adjustments.

NOTE: The Edit button for the default geoid transformation group allows you to view the group only.

To edit a group:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Variance Group dialog appears. The Group Observations list shows the observations in the group, and the Available Observations list show all enabled network adjustment observations.

To add observations:

1.	Select an observation from the Available Observations list. The observation is highlighted, and the Add button becomes available.

2.	Click Add.

The observation is added to the Group Observations list and removed from the Available Observation list.

To remove observations:

1.	Select the observation in the Group Observations list. The observation is highlighted, and the Remove button becomes available.

2.	Click Remove.

The observation is removed from the group and is placed in the Available Observations list.

To save observations:

  Click OK.

The changes are saved to the project.


To edit coordinates in the Point list

 Overview and More Information

You can edit the coordinates of a point in the Points List between adjustments.

1.	Select Adjustment / Points. The Points dialog appears.

2.	Use the scroll bar to find the point to edit.

3.	Select the coordinate component to edit.

4.	When a coordinate component is edited, the check box for the component (in the Fix group) is automatically selected.

5.	When a component in the Fix group is unselected, the coordinate component is returned to the value which was stored in the field before the edit took place.

6.	Repeat the previous steps to edit more points.

7.	After completing the edit session, click OK.

The changes are saved to the project in the view that was selected (that is, WGS-84, grid or local).


To edit weighting strategies

Overview and More Information
Weighting strategies can be defined and applied between adjustments.

To edit weighting strategies:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Scalar Weighting dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab. The GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid Observations list appears.

3.	Set the Apply Scalars To option to All Observations, Each Observation, or Variance Groups.

NOTE: All Observations is the only option available for the geoid transformation group.

4.	Do one of the following:

  If you selected All Observations or Each Observation in the previous step, skip to step 6.

  If you selected Variance Groups, perform step 5.

NOTE: If you select the Each Observation button, the User-defined scalar type is not available.

5.	If you selected Variance Groups in step 3, the Observations list is replaced with the Groups list and all variance groups are displayed. Perform these steps:

a.	Set Scalar Type to Default, Alternative, User-defined, or Automatic.

b.	Do one of the following:

  If you selected Default, Alternative, or Automatic, go to step 8.

  If you selected User-defined, the cursor appears in the Scalar field of the Groups list, and you can enter a Scalar value.

c.	After entering a Scalar value, proceed to step 8.

6.	Set Scalar Type to Default, Alternative, User-defined, or Automatic.

7.	Do one of the following:

  If you selected Default, Alternative, or Automatic, go to step 8.

  If you selected User-defined, the Scalar Value field becomes available, allowing you to enter a Scalar value. Enter the value and perform the next step.

8.	Click OK or Apply.

The changes are saved.


To edit set-up errors adjustment style options

 Overview and More Information

The Set-up Errors options can be edited at any time between adjustments.

To edit the Set-up Errors options:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select a style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Edit. The Edit Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

4.	Select the Set-up Errors tab. The Set-up Errors options appear. If necessary, do the following:

a.	Enter a new value in the Error in Height of Antenna or the Error in Height of Instrument field.

b.	Enter new values in the Centering Error fields.

5.	After completing the changes, click OK.

The changes are saved.


To include observations in an adjustment

 Overview and More Information

Observations previously excluded from network adjustments can be included again.

To include observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab. The Observations list appears.

3.	Use the scroll bar to find the observations.

4.	Select the check boxes in the Use column to include observations in the network adjustment.

TIP: You can use the shift key or the control key to select multiple observations.

5.	Click OK.

The changes are saved to the project.

NOTE: For more information about excluding observations from an adjustment, see Excluding Adjustments.

NOTE: Observations can also be disabled and re-enabled. For more information, see Disabling Observations and Re-enabling Disabled Observations.

NOTE: You can also use the Properties window to include observations in an adjustment. To do this, select the Use in network adjustment check box in the Summary page.


To evaluate the Network Adjustment report

 Overview and More Information

As successive adjustments are performed, the results are viewed in the Network Adjustment report. Based on evaluations of reported results, actions are performed to progressively bring the network into convergence. These actions may require changes to adjustment styles, including or excluding observations, enabling or disabling observations, loading geoid separations, creating transformation groups to apply  transformations to groups of observations, creating variance groups, applying weighting strategies, constraining control points to coordinate components, and other actions.

To evaluate a report:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The report is generated and the default HTML viewer for your computer is launched, allowing you to view the report using the viewer.

2.	Navigate through the report to view selected statistics and evaluate the results.

The topics below provide general guidelines for evaluating report statistics. For more advanced information, refer to the Bibliography.

Guidelines for evaluating report sections are included in these topics:

  Adjustment Style Settings

  Residual Tolerances

  Covariance Display

  Terrestrial Controls

  Setup Errors

  Statistical Summary

  Number of Iterations

  Global Statistics

  GPS Observation Statistics

  Geoid Model Statistics

  Terrestrial Observation Statistics

  Weighting Strategies

  Adjusted Coordinates

  Grid Coordinates

  Geodetic Coordinates

  Coordinate Deltas

  Control Coordinate Comparisons

  Adjusted Observations

  GPS Observations

  Geoid Observations

  Terrestrial Observations

  Histograms for Standardized Residuals

  Point Error Ellipses

  Covariant Values


To filter observations

 Overview and More Information

Filtering is useful when viewing large amounts of GPS or terrestrial observation types. You can temporarily filter the observations while the Observation dialog is open. The filtering action effectively hides the selected observation types, making the list appear smaller. When the Observations list is filtered, the word ‘Filtered’ appears in the dialog title. Upon exiting the dialog, the filtered observations are cleared.

To filter observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab. The Observations list appears.

3.	Click Filter. The Observations Filter dialog appears.

4.	Select or clear the required check boxes. By default all filter check boxes are selected.

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation. For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, then you will only see observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not get observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you select both of those filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths will be displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations; select the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation check boxes.

5.	Click OK. The selected observation types are hidden from view, but are still used in the network adjustment.


To filter scalar weighting observations

Overview and More Information
Filtering is useful when viewing large amounts of varying GPS or terrestrial observations. You can temporarily filter the observations while the dialog is open. The filtering action effectively hides the selected observation types, making the list appear smaller. When the Observations list is filtered, the word ‘Filtered’ appears in the dialog title. Upon exiting the dialog, the filtered observations are cleared.

To filter observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Weighting Strategies dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab. The Observations list appears.

3.	Click Filter. The Observations Filter dialog appears. By default all filter check boxes are selected.

4.	Select the desired check boxes to filter the Available Observations list. Selecting a check box clears the check mark. Clearing all check marks hides all observations.

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation. For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, then you will only see observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not get observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you select both of those filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths will be displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations; select the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation check boxes.

5.	Click OK. The selected observation types are hidden from view, but are still used in the network adjustment.


To filter transformation group observations

Overview and More Information
Filtering is useful when viewing large numbers of varying GPS or terrestrial observations. You can temporarily filter the observations while the dialog is open. The filtering action effectively hides the selected observation types, making the list appear smaller. When the Observations list is filtered, the word ‘Filtered’ appears in the dialog title. Upon exiting the dialog, the filtered observations are cleared.

To filter observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab. The Available Observations list appears.

3.	Click Filter. The Observations Filter dialog appears. By default all filter check boxes are selected.

4.	Select the desired check boxes to filter the Available Observations list. Selecting a check box clears the check mark. Clearing all check marks hides all observations.

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation. For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, then you will only see observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not get observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you select both of those filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths will be displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations; select the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation check boxes.

5.	Click OK.

The selected observation types are hidden from view, but are still used in the network adjustment.


To filter variance group observations

 Overview and More Information

Filtering is useful when viewing large numbers of varying GPS observations. You can temporarily filter the observations while the dialog is open. The filtering action effectively hides the selected observation types, making the list appear smaller. When the Observations list is filtered, the word ‘Filtered’ appears in the dialog title. Upon exiting the dialog, the filtered observations are cleared.

To filter observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab. The Available Observations list appears.

3.	Click Filter. The Observations Filter dialog appears. By default all filter check boxes are selected.

4.	Select the desired check boxes to filter the Available Observations list. Selecting a check box clears the check mark. Clearing all check marks hides all observations.

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation. For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, then you will only see observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not get observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you select both of those filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths will be displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations; select the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation check boxes.

5.	Click OK.

The selected observation types are hidden from view, but are still used in the network adjustment.


To load geoid separations

 Overview and More Information

Before computing elevations for points or fixing elevations, a geoid model must be assigned to the project, and the geoid separations must be loaded into the project.

Typically, geoid separations are loaded after producing coordinates on every point using a fully constrained adjustment using the datum for which the geoid model is defined.

NOTE: This help file uses the term geoid observations to the describe the geoid separations used in network adjustments. The geoid observations are loaded into the project, but are only used for adjustments.

To load geoid separations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the Geoid tab.

3.	Do one of the following:

  If geoid separations were loaded previously, observations will be displayed in the Observations list, and you can stop this procedure here.

  If the Observations list is empty, geoid separations are not loaded into the project, and you should complete this procedure.

4.	Click Load. The geoid separations for all corresponding points are loaded into the project and are displayed in the Observations list.

NOTE: The Load button is disabled if a geoid model is not defined for the project.

NOTE: Geoid observations are interpolated at the current point position. If the positions of points have changed significantly, you should reload the geoid observations.

5.	Click OK.

The changes are saved.


To move list columns

 Overview and More Information

Columns in an Observations list can be moved to new locations in the list.

To move columns:

1.	In any observation list, move the cursor over the header for the column. The header contains the title of the column and is located above the first row of data.

2.	Do one of the following:

  To move the column to the right, drag the header right until its left side passes beyond the position where you want to insert the column, then release the mouse button.

  To move the column to the left, drag the column header left until its right side passes beyond the position where you want to insert the column, then release the mouse button.


To navigate in the Network Adjustment report

 Overview and More Information

Once you view a report in the default HTML viewer for your computer, use viewer commands to navigate through the report.

Follow these guidelines:

  Use the Table of Contents hyperlinks to move to individual report sections.

  Use the HTML viewer command for returning to the top of a page. Most viewers have a Back button for this purpose.

  Use the Page Up and Page Down keys or scroll bars to navigate to report sections.

  Press Alt+Tab to move back and forth between Trimble Geomatics Office software and the HTML viewer.


To remove a network adjustment

 Overview and More Information

Use this command to return your network to the same configuration as prior to starting the adjustment.

To remove adjusted values, select Adjustment / Remove Adjustment.

When you use this command:

  the datum is set to WGS-84

  no points have a fixed status

  error ellipses are removed

  geoid observations are unloaded

  if a calibration was present before the network adjustment, the calibration is reapplied

  Adjusted coordinates are removed

NOTE: Observations that were disabled for adjustment are not reset.


To remove calibration coordinates

 Overview and More Information

Calibration coordinates saved to the project after a minimally constrained adjustment can be removed.

To remove calibration coordinates, select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates / Remove.

The calibration coordinates are removed from the project.


To remove transformation group observations

 Overview and More Information

Observations can be removed from user created GPS or terrestrial transformation groups.

NOTE: Observations cannot be removed from the <Geoid default> transformation group.

To remove observations from a GPS transformation group.

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Select a group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Groups dialog appears.

5.	From the Group Observations list, select the desired observation. The Remove button becomes available.

6.	Click Remove. The observation is removed from the group and appears in the Available Observations list.

7.	Click OK.

The changes are saved to the project.


To remove Variance Group Observations

 Overview and More Information

Observations can be removed from GPS or terrestrial variance groups.

NOTE: Observations cannot be removed from the <Geoid default> variance group.

To remove observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Variance Groups dialog appears.

5.	Select the desired observation from the Group Observations. The observation is highlighted, and the Remove button becomes available.

6.	Click Remove. The observation is removed from the group and placed in the Available Observations list.

TIP: You can filter the Available Observations list. The filtering actions hides selected observations types, effectively making the list smaller. With less observations appearing in the list, you can find observations faster.

7.	Click OK to apply the changes.


To rename network adjustment styles

 Overview and More Information

Adjustment styles can be renamed at any time between adjustments.

To rename a style:

1.	Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles. The Network Adjustment Styles dialog appears.

2.	Select the desired style from the list of styles.

3.	Click Rename. The Rename Style dialog appears.

5.	Type the new style name in the Name field.

6.	Click OK.

The changes are saved and you are returned to the Network Adjustment Styles dialog.


To resize list columns

 Overview and More Information

Columns in the Observations list can be resized to show or hide information.

To resize a column:

1.	Move the cursor to the right side of the desired column header until a  resizing cursor appears. The header contains the title of the column and is located above the first row of data.

2.	Drag the column header left or right to the desired width. The width of the column increases or decreases as the header moves.

The column is now resized.


To save calibration coordinates

 Overview and More Information

After completing a minimally constrained adjustment with GPS data on a WGS-84 datum and establishing WGS-84 coordinates on each of the points in the network adjustment, these coordinates can be used as observed GPS coordinates for a site calibration.

The calibration coordinates consist of the WGS-84 Latitudes, Longitudes and Ellipsoid Heights.

NOTE: This command is only available when WGS-84 is selected as your adjustment datum, and the adjustment has been performed using only GPS data.

To save calibration coordinates:

1.	Select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates / Save. The Save Calibration Coordinates dialog appears.

2.	Select the option to Create Coordinates Under Existing Points or the option to Create Coordinates Under New Points with Suffix.

3.	Click OK.

The calibration coordinates are saved and can be viewed in the Properties window.


To select the datum for an adjustment

 Overview and More Information

During an adjustment you have the ability to set the datum definition for the adjustment results. This setting does not change the project datum set in the Project Properties dialog. During a minimally constrained GPS adjustment, you typically set the datum to WGS-84. Before a minimally constrained adjustment of terrestrial data, you set the datum to the Project datum. Once you are ready for the fully constrained adjustment, you will set your datum to your project datum.

1.	To view the Datum submenu, select Adjustment / Datum. A menu appears with these choices:

  WGS-84

  Project Datum − <datum name>

2.	Select the datum.


To set the fix status to constrain coordinates

The Fix settings can be used to constrain the coordinate components of the points included in the network adjustment.

NOTE: When you fix a point’s coordinate component (2D, Height, Elev) in the Points dialog, an adjusted coordinate is created. You can view adjusted coordinates in the Properties window.

To set the Fix settings:

1.	Select Adjustment / Points. The Points dialog appears.

2.	Use the scroll bar to find the desired point, then select the point.

3.	When you edit a coordinate component, the component is automatically fixed in the Fix option group.

NOTE: You can identify points that already have control coordinates entered by the (NE, e, h) in the fix column. The parenthesis indicate that the point has not been fixed yet.

NOTE: If you clear a coordinate component that has already been fixed, the coordinate components reverts back to the old coordinate value (ie. It changes back to the value in the dialog before you edited it.)

NOTE: You can clear the Fix settings at any time to release the coordinate constraints assigned to the point.

4.	Click OK.

The changes are saved to the project.


To sort list columns

 Overview and More Information

The Observations or Points list can be sorted in ascending or descending order.

Initially, the Observations list is sorted with residuals displayed at the top of the list. The Points list is sorted by fixed points first. You can click the header of any column to sort the list in descending or ascending order based on the contents of the column.

To sort a column:

1.	Move the cursor over the column header. The header contains the title of the column and is located above the first row of data.

Click the left mouse button once to sort the column in ascending order.

You can repeat the steps to place the column back into descending order. Optionally, sort other columns in ascending or descending order. Sorting columns often makes it easier to find data, especially when the list contains large amounts of data.


To adjust a network

 Overview and More Information

Network adjustment is an iterative process beginning with a minimally constrained adjustment, followed by successive adjustments. Basic guidelines for starting adjustments are provided here along with references to other topics where more specific instructions are included to performing actions to progressively bring the network into convergence.

Before starting the first adjustment, review these topics:

1.	Adjustment Datum

2.	Network Adjustment Styles

3.	Observations

4.	Points

5.	Fix point(s)

6.	Including and excluding

7.	Set Scalar Weighting Strategy

8.	Load and unload geoid separations

9.	Create or edit variance groups

10.	Create or edit transformation groups

Adjustments

Follow these steps to start the adjustment:

1.	To begin the adjustment, do one of the following:

  Select Adjustment / Adjust.

  Press F10.

Progress messages are displayed in the status bar as the network adjustment proceeds and the results of the adjustment are displayed in the graphics window.

2.	Once the adjustment is complete, view the Network Adjustment report and evaluate the results.

Along with the data generated during the adjustment, the report includes a message indicating whether the adjustment was successful or not.


To unload geoid separations

 Overview and More Information

Geoid separations can be unloaded from the adjustment.

NOTE: The unloaded geoid separations are only removed from the adjustment, not the project. The geoid is still selected for the project and used in a recomputation.

NOTE: This help file uses the term ‘geoid observations’ to the describe the geoid separations used in network adjustments.

To unload geoid separations.

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the Geoid tab.

3.	To decide whether or not the separations can be unloaded, do one of the following:

  If the Observations list is empty geoid separations are not loaded into the project, and you can stop this procedure here.

  If geoid separations were loaded previously, observations will be displayed in the Observations list, and you can complete this procedure.

4.	Click Unload. The geoid separations are unloaded from adjustment, and the Observations list is cleared.

5.	Click OK.

The changes are saved.


To use GPSurvey data

Overview and More Information
Trimble Geomatics Office software can be used with data from networks in Trimble GPSurvey. One extra import step is required. You must import the baseline solution files (.ssf and .ssk) into the project, and then adjust these baselines (observations) using Trimble Geomatics Office software. Also, import the known control points using an ASCII file generated in GPSurvey.

To import GPSurvey data:

1.	Create a new Trimble Geomatics Office software project. Choose the same project properties selected for the GPSurvey project.

2.	To select the Import command, select File / Import.

3.	Select the Survey Data tab.

4.	Select SSF/SSK files (*.ssf, *.ssk).

5.	Click OK.

6.	Navigate to the \GPSurvey\Projects\*Projectname*\Trimvec folder, containing the desired files.

7.	Highlight the desired files.

8.	Click Open. The import begins and baselines are displayed on the screen.

9.	Use the Custom tab of the import dialog to import the ASCII file, using the steps above.

You are now ready to import additional GPS data and start the adjustment in Trimble Geomatics Office software.


To verify transformation parameters

Overview and More Information
Transformation parameters can be verified at any time between adjustments.

To verify transformation parameters:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Scroll through the list to the desired group.

4.	Select the group.

5.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

The Group Name field shows the name assigned to the group. View the observations in the group from the Group Observations list and the available project observations from the Available Observation list. The Transformation Parameter List in the upper left shows the current transformation parameter settings.

6.	Verify the transformation parameters in the Transformation Parameter list.

7.	If necessary, edit the transformation parameters.

These topics give guidelines for defining transformation parameters:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

8.	To exit the dialog, do one of the following:

  If you only verified the transformation parameters, click Cancel. No changes are saved.

  If you edited the transformation parameters, click OK and the changes are saved.


To view Chi-square test results

Overview and More Information
The Chi-square test is an evaluation of the network reference factor (RF) and the degrees of freedom. If the RF is close to 1.0, the degrees of freedom are acceptable, and the network fits together mathematically, then the network adjustment should pass the Chi-square test.

To view the Chi-square test results:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary. The Chi-Square Test field appears.

3.	When you finish the session, exit your viewer.


To view control point fix status

The Fix status of control points included in a network adjustment can be viewed between adjustments.

1.	Select Adjustment / Points. The Points dialog appears.

2.	Use the scroll bar to view the control points.

The Fix status of a control point’s coordinate components is set when a check mark appears and cleared with no check marks appears. Also, the corresponding coordinate component appears in the Fixed column, or the parentheses are removed from the identifiers of control quality points.

3.	Click Cancel. No changes are saved to the project.

NOTE: The coordinate quality can also be viewed in the Properties window. If a point has a fixed status, it is shown as fixed control.


To view the degrees of freedom

 Overview and More Information

Use these statistics to view the amount of redundancy in the network.

To view the degrees of freedom value:

1.	To view the report, select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The degrees of freedom field is located in this report section.

This field represents the number of independent observations included in the adjustment that are used to overdetermine your solutions. The larger the number the better, as long as all your observations are independent. For more information, see the topic To select independent baselines.

3.	When you finish the session, exit your HTML viewer.


To view the network reference factor

 Overview and More Information

This value shows you how well the adjustment a posteriori errors match the observation residuals; that is, the network reference factor lets you know how well the random errors match the estimated errors of these observations.

To view the network reference factor value:

1.	To view the report, select Reports / Network Adjustment Report.

The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The Network Reference Factor field is located in this report section.

3.	When you finish the session, select the command to exit you HTML viewer (usually File / Exit).


To view the Network Adjustment report

 Overview and More Information

After completing an adjustment, view the Network Adjustment report.

1.	To view the report, select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The Network Adjustment report is displayed in the default HTML viewer for your computer.

2.	Use these guidelines to view adjustment results:

  Click the hyperlinks on the left side of the screen to move to a report section.

  Use the HTML viewer command for returning to the top of a page. Most HTML viewers have a Back button for this purpose.

  Use the Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll bars, or other HTML viewer commands to navigate through the report.

  Switch between your HTML viewer and Trimble Geomatics Office software by Pressing Alt+Tab. Each time you press Alt+Tab, you cycle to the next open window.

  Since your default HTML viewer is a separate application, you can minimize it to the task bar and return to the Trimble Geomatics Office software to make changes to adjustments based on your evaluations. You can then return to the report by maximizing the HTML viewer window and  perform further evaluations. This process can be repeated as much as necessary for the current report evaluation session.

  You may prefer to print the report to do your evaluations. Use your HTML viewer’s Print command (usually File / Print) to print the report.

  Reports can be written to a file for archival purposes or later printing by printing the report to a file.

  If you own a copy of Adobe® Acrobat®, you can print reports to a file and then distill the file. This gives you viewable report documentation, complete with hyperlinks.

  Reports can be posted to others using the electronic mail command for your HTML viewer. For real-time applications, this might prove useful for sending reports to roving observers in the field. It might also prove useful for transferring report data from the field to a central archive.

3.	Close the HTML viewer.


To view observations selected for adjustment

 Overview and More Information

View the Observations list to check the observations used in the adjustment:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab. The selected Observations list appears.

3.	Use the scroll bar to navigate through list.

4.	After viewing observations, click Cancel.

No changes are saved to the project.


To view transformation group observations

 Overview and More Information

Transformation group observations can be viewed at any time between adjustments.

To view transformation group observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Scroll through the list and select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

The Group Name field shows the name assigned to the group. View the observations in the group from the Group Observations list and the available project observations from the Available Observation list.

5.	After viewing group observations, click Cancel.

No changes are saved to the project.


To view transformation groups

 Overview and More Information

Transformation groups can be viewed at any time between adjustments.

To view transformation groups:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Scroll through the list to the desired group.

4.	Select the group.

5.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

The Group Name field shows the name assigned to the group. View the observations in the group from the Group Observations list and the available project observations from the Available Observation list. The Transformation Parameter List in the upper left shows the current transformation parameter settings.

TIP: You can also view the transformation parameters from the Adjustment tab of the detailed Coordinate System tab in the Project Properties window.

6.	After viewing the group, click Cancel.

No changes are saved to the project.


To view transformation parameters

Overview and More Information
Transformation parameters may be viewed between adjustments.

TIP: You can also view the transformation parameters from the Adjustment tab of the detailed Coordinate System tab in the Project Properties window.

To view transformation parameters:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired transformation group from the list.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears.

The Transformation Parameters List is located in the upper-left side of the dialogs under the Group Name field.

For more information about individual parameters, see these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

NOTE: The Azimuth Rotation, Network Scale, Distance Scale, and Distant Constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

For more information, see Transformation Parameters.


To view variance group observations

 Overview and More Information

Follow these steps to view a Variance Group of geoid or GPS observations.

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select a Variance Group.

4.	Click Edit. The Edit Variance Group dialog appears with the list of observations.

5.	Use the scroll bar to move through the observations list.

6.	Click Cancel. No changes are saved to the project.


To include a baseline in a network adjustment

Overview and More Information
If a baseline was removed from a network adjustment for any reason, its properties can be changed to include it in future network adjustments.

NOTE: To be used in a network adjustment the baseline must also be enabled.

To include a baseline in future network adjustments:

1.	Double-click the baseline. The Properties window appears.

2.	In the Properties window, open the Summary Page.

3.	Select the Use in network adjustment check box to include the baseline in future adjustments.

4.	After completing your changes, click OK.


To remove an observation from a network adjustment

 Overview and More Information

You can remove an observation from future network adjustments by changing its properties.

To do this:

1.	Double-click the observation. The Properties window appears.

2.	Click the Summary page [image] button. In the Summary page, the Use in network adjustment check box is selected if the baseline is included in future network adjustments.

3.	Clear this check box. The observation will be removed from future network adjustments.

4.	After completing your changes, click OK.

NOTE: You can also remove an observation from a network adjustment in the Observations dialog.


To exclude observations from a network adjustment

 Overview and More Information

All adjustable observations are marked for adjustment when observations are imported. However, individual observations can be excluded from an adjustment using the Observation dialog. Excluding an observation does not delete it from the project.

To exclude observations:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	In the Observations list, locate the observation that you want to exclude.

TIP: You can filter observations in the Available Observations list to show or hide observation types. Hiding selected observation types temporarily reduces the size of the list, making it easier to find observations.

4.	Make sure that the check box in the observation's Use column is clear.

5.	After excluding observations, click OK to save the changes to the project.

NOTE: Observations can also be excluded from an adjustment by clearing the Use in network adjustment option in the Summary page of the Properties window.

Observations that have been excluded from an adjustment can be included again.

NOTE: Observations can also be disabled and re-enabled. For more information, see Disabling Observations and Re-enabling Disabled Observations.


To re-enable disabled observations for adjustments

 Overview and More Information

Observations disabled from the Observations dialog or graphics window can be re-enabled. Once re-enabled, the observations appear in the Observations dialog and may be used for future network adjustments and recomputations.

NOTE: Re-enabling an observation and including an observation are two different operations. Excluded observations can be included in future network adjustments by selecting the Use check box for the observation in the Observations dialog or by selecting the Use in network adjustment check box in the Summary page of the Properties window. Disabled observations cannot be re-enabled from the Observations dialog; they must be re-enabled by selecting the observation and viewing the Properties window from the graphics window. For more information, see Including Observations in an Adjustment.

To enable observations from the graphics window:

1.	Double-click the observation. In the graphics window, disabled observations are red.

2.	The Properties window appears.

3.	Click the Summary page [image] button to open the Summary page.

4.	In the Status list, select Enable.

5.	Make sure that the Use in network adjustment check box is selected.

6.	The observation is re-enabled and will be used for future network adjustments and recomputations. In the graphics window, the observation is no longer red.

NOTE: For more information about including and excluding observations, see Including Observations and Excluding Observations.


To combine different observation types in a network adjustment

You can combine GPS, terrestrial, and geoid observations in a network adjustment to produce a set of adjusted coordinates.

To combine observations, you must tie terrestrial observations into the GPS network. Otherwise, when you perform an adjustment, an error message may appear. To do this, measure angles and distances at points that are common with the GPS network. Use at least two common points (points observed in both the GPS and terrestrial data sets, or control points) which can tie the two data sets together. This prevents a terrestrial traverse from "hanging off" a GPS observation by one point.

Before performing a fully constrained network adjustment, check each set of observations so that you can easily locate any errors. You also need to perform separate minimally constrained adjustments of the GPS and the terrestrial observations.

The recommended procedure for combining observations in a network adjustment includes several basic steps. The following sections briefly summarize this workflow.

1.  Import your data

a.	If you have control quality points associated with your project, import these points into your Trimble Geomatics Office project first. This ensures that these control coordinates are used as starting points in a recomputation. For more information, see Recomputation and The importance of coordinate homogenization in network adjustment.

b. 	Import any other data sets into your project. Ensure that any error flags are investigated.

NOTE: When you import data, and you do not have the Always merge duplicate points option selected in the Duplicate Point Options dialog, you need to merge duplicate points.

2.	Prepare the GPS data

To perform a minimally constrained adjustment on your GPS observations, do the following:

a.	Select your GPS data in the graphics window.

b.	Process your GPS data.

c.	Perform GPS loop closures and view the Loop Closure report to ensure that the GPS observations are suitable for adjustment.

d.	Remove any out-of-tolerance flags. These could be caused by incorrect control coordinates, bad antenna heights, or wrong point naming.

e.	Select independent GPS baselines.

f.	Select the WGS-84 datum.

g.	Select the adjustment style. If necessary, alter the adjustment style settings.

h.	In the GPS tab of the Observations dialog, select the observations to be included in the adjustment.

TIP: Use the Filter button in the Observations dialog to filter observation types.

i.	If necessary, define Observation groups (variance and/or transformation groups) for the data.

j.	Fix a control point in the Points dialog. This is optional.

k	Set the weighting strategy. (For the initial adjustment, set the observation type to All Observations and the Scalar Type to Default.)

l.	Perform a minimally constrained adjustment.

m	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report .

n.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative, perform further adjustments, and review the Network Adjustment report. Do this until the adjustment passes the Chi-square test and you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

NOTE: If you select the Automatic scalar type option in the Weighting Strategies dialog, the adjustment iterations are performed until the adjustment passes the Chi-square test.

o.	If you selected the Alternative Scalar option, when you have completed the last iteration, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

p.	If you intend to perform a GPS Site Calibration, save calibration coordinates. WGS-84 coordinates will be saved.

Your GPS observations are now ready for a fully constrained adjustment.

3.  Prepare the terrestrial data

To perform a minimally constrained adjustment on your terrestrial data, do the following:

a.	Select your terrestrial observations in the graphics window.

TIP: You can use the view filters to display only terrestrial observations.

b.	Select the project datum.

c.	In the Terrestrial tab of the Observations dialog, select the observations to be included in the adjustment.

NOTE: If your terrestrial data does not consist of a closed traverse (that is, the terrestrial observations are hanging from the GPS observation network), you will also need to load geoid observations to ensure that the GPS and terrestrial observations can be linked together using the geoid. If you incorporate geoid data into your terrestrial adjustment at this stage, you do not need to follow Step 4 below.

d.	If necessary, define Observation groups (variance and/or transformation groups) for the data.

e.	Set the weighting strategy. For the first adjustment, set the observation type to All Observations and the scalar type to Default

f.	Fix a point in the Points dialog.

NOTE: In order to perform a combined adjustment, the point that you fix should be one of the points that is common between the GPS and the terrestrial network.

g.	Perform a minimally constrained adjustment.

h.	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report.

i.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative, perform another adjustment, and review the Network Adjustment report. Do this until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

NOTE: If you selected the Automatic scalar type option in the Weighting Strategies dialog, the adjustment iterations are performed until the adjustment passes the Chi-square test.

j.	If you have used the Alternative Scalar option, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

Your terrestrial observations are now ready for a fully constrained adjustment.

4.	Incorporate geoid observations into your adjustment

Geoid errors are scaled in a constrained adjustment of the observations. To perform a vertically constrained adjustment of your geoid data, do the following:

a.	Make sure that a geoid model has been selected for the project. To do this, check the coordinate system details in the Project Properties dialog.

b. 	In the Observations dialog, select the Geoid tab and load the Geoid observations.

c. 	Set the geoid weighting strategy. For the initial adjustment, set the scalar type to Default.

d.	Fix elevations (and/or heights) in the Points dialog. At least three constraints are recommended.

e.	Perform an adjustment.

f.	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report.

g.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative, perform another adjustment, and review the Network Adjustment report. Do this until the adjustment passes the Chi-square test and you are satisfied with the results.

h.	If you have used the Alternative scalar type option, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

5.	Perform the horizontally constrained adjustment

Once you locked in the error scaling in the minimally constrained adjustment, you can perform a fully constrained adjustment.

To do this:

a.	Make sure the project datum is still selected.

b.	Fix control points in the Points dialog.

NOTE: In order to perform a combined adjustment you should fix at least two GPS points.  If possible, these points should be the common points between the GPS and the terrestrial network.

c.	Perform an adjustment.

d.	View the results of the adjustment in the Network Adjustment report.

e.	If necessary, perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

TIP: If the adjustment does not converge, the Chi-square test fails or the Reference Factor is not acceptable then there may be problems with your control coordinates. Unfix points (one at a time) in the Points dialog and perform the fully constrained adjustment again until you find the bad point.  For more information on troubleshooting, refer to the Network Adjustment User Guide.


To perform a network adjustment on GPS observations

The following is a brief summary of the workflow required to adjust GPS observations in the Trimble Geomatics Office software:

1.	Import control data

a.	If you have control quality points associated with your project, import these points into your Trimble Geomatics Office project first. This ensures that these control coordinates are used as starting points in a recomputation. For more information, see Recomputation and The importance of coordinate homogenization in network adjustment.

b.	Import and check any other data set into your project, and investigate any error flags.

NOTE: When you import data, and you do not have the Always merge duplicate points option selected in the Duplicate Point Options dialog, you need to merge duplicate points.

2.	Prepare the GPS data

a.	Process your GPS data.

b. 	Perform GPS loop closures and view the Loop Closure report to ensure that the GPS observations are suitable for adjustment.

c. 	Remove any out-of-tolerance flags. These could be caused by incorrect control coordinates, bad antenna heights, or wrong point naming.

d.	Select independent GPS baselines.

e.	Select the WGS-84 datum.

f.	Select the adjustment style. If necessary, alter the adjustment style settings.

g. 	In the GPS tab of the Observations dialog, select the observations to be included in the adjustment.

TIP: Use the Filter button in the Observations dialog to filter observation types.

h.	If necessary, define Observation groups (variance and/or transformation groups) for the data.

i.	Fix a control point in the Points dialog. This is optional.

j	Set the weighting strategy. (For the initial adjustment, set the observation type to All Observations and the Scalar Type to Default.)

k.	Perform a minimally constrained adjustment.

l	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report.

m.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative, perform further adjustments, and review the Network Adjustment report. Do this until the Chi-square test passes and you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

NOTE: If you select the Automatic scalar type option in the Weighting Strategies dialog, the adjustment iterations are performed until the adjustment passes the Chi-square test.

n.	If you selected the Alternative Scalar option, when you have completed the last iteration, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

o.	If you intend to perform a GPS Site Calibration, save calibration coordinates. WGS-84 coordinates will be saved.

Your GPS observations are now ready for a fully constrained adjustment.

3.	Incorporate geoid observations into your adjustment

Geoid errors are scaled in a constrained adjustment of the observations. To perform a vertically constrained adjustment of your geoid data, do the following:

a.	Make sure that a geoid model has been selected for the project. To do this, check the coordinate system details in the Project Properties dialog.

b.	In the Observations dialog, select the Geoid tab and load the Geoid observations.

c.	Set the geoid weighting strategy. For the initial adjustment, set the scalar type to Default.

d. 	Fix elevations (and/or heights) in the Points dialog. Trimble recommends at least three constraints.

e.	Perform an adjustment.

f. 	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report.

g.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative, perform another adjustment, and review the Network Adjustment report. Do this until you are satisfied with the results.

h.	If you have used the Alternative scalar type option, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

4.	Perform the horizontally constrained adjustment

Once you have locked in the error scaling in the minimally constrained adjustment, you can perform a fully constrained adjustment.

To do this:

a.	Make sure the project datum is still selected.

b.	Fix control points in the Points dialog.

c.	Perform an adjustment.

d.	View the results of the adjustment in the Network Adjustment report.

e.	If necessary, perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

TIP: If the adjustment does not converge, the Chi-square test fails, or the reference factor is not acceptable then there may be problems with your control coordinates. Unfix points (one at a time) in the Points dialog and perform the fully constrained adjustment again until you find the bad point.  For more information on troubleshooting, refer to the Network Adjustment User Guide.


To perform a network adjustment on terrestrial observations

The following sections briefly summarize the workflow required to adjust terrestrial observations in the Trimble Geomatics Office software:

NOTE: If you intend to perform a network adjustment using data transferred from the Trimble Survey Controller software, make sure that you enter a pressure, temperature, and curvature and refraction correction in the survey controller survey style when performing the survey. You also need to have a projection defined for the project.

1.  Import control data

a.	If you have control quality points associated with your project, import these points into your Trimble Geomatics Office project first. This ensures that these control coordinates are used as starting points in a recomputation. For more information, see Recomputation and The importance of coordinate homogenization in network adjustment.

b.	Import and check any other dataset into your project. Ensure that any error flags are investigated.

NOTE: When you import data, and you do not have the Always merge duplicate points option selected in the Duplicate Point Options dialog, you need to merge duplicate points.

2.	Prepare the terrestrial data

To perform a minimally constrained adjustment on your terrestrial data, do the following:

a.	Import and check the terrestrial data (investigate any error flags that are generated).

b.	If you have duplicate points in the project, and you do not have the Always merge duplicate points option selected in the Duplicate Point options dialog, you need to merge duplicate points.

c.	Select the project datum.

d.	In the Terrestrial tab of the Observations dialog, select the observation to be included in the adjustment.

e.	If necessary, define Observation groups (variance and/or transformation groups) for the data.

f.	Set the weighting strategy. For the first adjustment, set the observation type to All Observations and the scalar type to Default.

g.	Perform a minimally constrained adjustment.

h.	View the adjustment details in the Network Adjustment report .

i.	If necessary, set the scalar type to Alternative and perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

NOTE: If you selected the Automatic scalar type option in the Weighting Strategies dialog, the adjustment iterations are performed until the Chi-square test passes.

j.	If you have used the Alternative scalar type option, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

Your terrestrial observations are now ready for a fully constrained adjustment.

2.	Perform the horizontally constrained adjustment

Once you locked in the error scaling in the minimally constrained adjustment, you can perform a fully constrained adjustment. To do this:

a.	Make sure the project datum is still selected.

b.	Fix control points in the Points dialog.

c.	Perform and adjustment.

d.	View the results of the adjustment in the Network Adjustment report.

e.	If necessary, perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

TIP: If the adjustment does not converge, the Chi-square test fails or the reference factor is not acceptable then there may be problems with your control coordinates. "Unfix" points (one at a time) in the Points dialog and perform the fully constrained adjustment again until you find the bad point. For more information on troubleshooting, refer to the Network Adjustment User Guide.


To adjust level observations

The following is a brief summary of the workflow required to adjust level observations in the Trimble Geomatics Office software:

1.  Import level observations

Do the following:

a.	Select File / Import. The Import dialog appears.

b.	In the Survey tab, select Digital Level Files (*.dat, *.raw). The Open dialog appears.

c.	Select the digital level file to import. The Digital Level Import dialog appears. Use this dialog to check the level observations.

d.	Click OK.

The digital level file is imported.

NOTE: You can also import delta elevations into the project manually using the Trimble Data Exchange Format.

NOTE: To view the level information in the Level report, select Reports / Level Reports.

2.  View the level observations

When digital level data is imported, there are usually no horizontal coordinates associated with the elevations, so you cannot view them in the Survey view (unless there are already horizontal coordinates for the point in the project and duplicate points have been merged). However, you can view leveling observations in the Properties window. To do this:

a.	Choose Select / All.

b.	Do one of the following:

  Select Edit / Properties.

  Click Alt + Enter.

  Select the Properties Window tool from the toolbar.

You can now view the level observations.

3.  Perform a minimally constrained adjustment

To adjust level observations, do the following:

a.	Select the project datum.

b.	Select the network adjustment style.

c.	Select the observations to include in the adjustment from the Observations dialog.

TIP: Use the filter in the Observations dialog to select only delta elevation observations.

d.	Load Geoid observations in the Observations dialog – Geoid tab.

e.	In the Terrestrial tab of the Observations dialog, define Observation groups (variance and/or transformation groups) for the data.

f.	Set the terrestrial weighting strategy. To do this, in the Weighting Strategies dialog, select the Terrestrial tab. Then, in the Apply Scalars to and Scalar Type groups, select the appropriate options.

g.	Fix one point in the Points dialog.

NOTE: Generally, this point will be the station point which you defined an elevation for in the Digital Level Import dialog.

h.	Perform a minimally constrained adjustment.

i.	View the results of the adjustment in the Network Adjustment report.

j.	If necessary, perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the results.

k.	If you have used the Alternative scalar type option, lock the scalar value in the Weighting Strategies dialog.

4. Perform a fully constrained adjustment

a.	Make sure the project datum is still selected.

b.	Fix control points in the Points dialog.

c.	Perform a fully constrained adjustment

d.	View the results of the adjustment in the Network Adjustment report.

e.	If necessary, perform further adjustments until you are satisfied with the adjustment results.

When the adjustment is completed, a set of adjusted coordinates is saved for each point in the adjustment. You can view these coordinates in the Properties window.


To use the automatic scalar type

In the Weighting Strategies dialog, you can choose from the following scalar types:

  Default

  Alternative

  User-defined

  Automatic

When you start an adjustment, the software sets the weighting strategy to apply the default scalar type to all observations. In the adjustment, the default scalar multiplies the a priori error by 1.00, leaving the error estimates unchanged.

If the estimated error in your observations matches the actual error, the reported reference factor should be approximately 1.00. If it is not, then you must scale the estimated error to the actual error. The simplest way to apply the scalar is to select the alternative scalar type. The alternative scalar type uses the reference factor from the current adjustment, multiplied by the previous scalar, to determine the scalar for the next adjustment. This makes the reference factor closer to 1.00. The alternative scalar is applied to further adjustment iterations until the Chi-square test passes.

If you select the Automatic scalar option, the process of selecting the alternative scalar type is automatic; that is, adjustments are completed until the Chi-square test passes. When this occurs, the scalar value is locked.

NOTE: When you select the automatic scalar type, the Network Adjustment report shows that the alternative scalar type has been selected.

The Importance of Blunder Detection

Blunders in a data set cause the over-scaling of the other observations (in the same group) in the adjustment, so before you use the automatic scalar type, make sure that all blunders have been removed. You can check for any blunders or erroneous data by running the adjustment using the default scalar option, and then reviewing the results.

NOTE: Error flags also indicate possible errors in the data set.

After using the Automatic scalar type option, carefully review the adjustment results, in particular the adjustment histograms, to ensure that a blunder was not hidden in the observations.

CAUTION: Trimble recommends that you do not use the Automatic scalar type option to scale GPS and terrestrial observations at the same time.


Points dialog - Overview
    Points dialog − Overview

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Use this dialog to view, evaluate, and constrain the points in an adjustment. The coordinates displayed in the Points dialog are the current coordinates for the point as shown in the Properties window summary page. After an adjustment, the Points dialog shows the adjusted coordinate values.

NOTE: If a point is constrained (fixed) in the Points dialog, and no control quality coordinate currently exists, a coordinate is stored for the point.

To view the Points dialog:

 Select Adjustment / Points.

These options are available:

Adjustment Datum

The adjustment datum is shown above the points list.

Points

Use this list to view the points connected to observations in the network adjustment. This list does not reflect the complete list of points included in the project. For more information about the list fields, see Points.

Fix

Use these check boxes to constrain the coordinate components of the individual points included in the adjustment. For more information, see Fix.

Coordinate View

The view determines the coordinate type stored in the project.

Grid − Select this button to display points in the mapping projection coordinates set in Coordinate System tab of the Project Properties dialog. This is the default view.

Local − Select this button to display points in the project datum geographic coordinates set in the Project Properties dialog.

WGS − Select this button to display points in WGS-84 geographic coordinates.


    Points

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

This list shows the points connected to observations included in the network adjustment and does not reflect the entire list of points included in the project.

Each row in the list includes the data for one point. When a coordinate component of the point is edited, the Fix status check box is selected from the Fix group. If the Fix status in the check box is cleared, the coordinate component that was edited is changed back to the original coordinate.

TIP: List columns can be moved to new locations in the list, resized to show more or less information, and sorted in descending or ascending order.

The following columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Point	The name assigned to the point in the network adjustment.
Northing or Local Latitude or WGS-84 Latitude	The northing coordinate of the point on the mapping projection selected for the project or Latitude coordinate of the point on the Project (local) or WGS-84 ellipsoid.
Easting or Local Longitude or WGS-84 Latitude	The easting coordinate of the point on the mapping projection selected for the project or Longitude coordinate of the point on the Project (local) or WGS-84 ellipsoid.
Height	The height of the point above or below the Project (local) or WGS-84 ellipsoid. The value is expressed in project units.
Elev	The elevation of the point above or below mean sea level. The elevation is shown after the geoid separations are loaded and applied. This value is displayed in project units.
Fixed	The fixed (constrained) status of each component of the point’s position. Any coordinate component identifier or group of identifiers with parentheses indicates that a point has a control quality coordinate and is not fixed. Any coordinate component identifier or group of identifiers without parentheses show that the coordinate component is fixed for the point. For example, if a component includes the group of identifiers (NE, e), this means that the northing, easting, and elevation are of control quality.
 These Fix status values can appear in the Fixed column:

Fixed Display:	What is Fixed:
____	Point is not constrained in any component
LL or NE__	Horizontal position is constrained
__h_	Height is constrained
___e	Elevation is constrained
LL or NEh_	Horizontal position and height are constrained
LL or NE_e	Horizontal position and elevation are constrained
LL or NEhe	Horizontal position, height and elevation are constrained
__he	Height and elevation are constrained

When you fix a point’s coordinate component (2D, Height, Elev) and the point does not have a control quality coordinate, the coordinate is updated in the Properties window with the same coordinate type as the Coordinate view.

Coordinate View

These buttons display the horizontal coordinate components of the points in the selected coordinate system. This view also controls how edited coordinates are saved.

Grid − Select this button to display points in the mapping projection coordinates set in Coordinate System tab of the Project Properties dialog.

Local − Select this button to displays points in the project datum geographic coordinates set in the project properties.

WGS − Select this button to displays points in WGS-84 geographic coordinates.


    Fix

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These check boxes set or clear the fix status of the points coordinate component.

A check mark appears when any coordinate point component is constrained and is cleared when no coordinate components are constrained. The coordinate components include the 2D (horizontal), Height (Ellipsoid), and Elev (Elevation).

These options are available:

2D

Select this check box to constrain the point to the Northing and Easting or Latitude and Longitude coordinate components.

When this option is selected, the fix status is displayed in the Fixed column of the Points list.

Height

Select this check box to constrain the height above or below the project ellipsoid of the point. When this option is selected, the fix status is displayed in the Fixed column of the Points list.

Elev

Select this check box to constrain the elevation of the point. This option is only available after geoid separations are applied to project observations. This value is displayed in project units. When this option is selected, the fix status is displayed in the Fixed column of the Points list.

NOTE: In the WGS-84 datum, do not fix more than one grid coordinate.

For more information about constraining the coordinate components of points, see Network Adjustment.


Observations dialog - Overview
    Observations dialog − Overview

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Overview

The Observations dialog contains the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs. Use these tabs to include and exclude GPS, terrestrial, and geoid observations in a network adjustment, and to view the adjustement's observation residuals.

To open the Observations dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observations.

In the GPS and Terrestrial tabs, you can also disable observations. Disabling an observation prevents it from being used in adjustments and recomputations, and from appearing in the Observations list.

Once you disable an observation, you cannot re-enable it from the Observations dialog. For more information, see Disabling Observations and Re-enabling Disabled Observations.

In the Geoid tab, you can also load and unload geoid separations.

These options are available in each tab:

Observations

This list shows GPS, terrestrial, or geoid observations. The appearance and content of the list varies according to the observations. For more information about the columns included in each list, see these topics:

  Observations (GPS)

  Observations (Terrestrial)

  Observations (Geoid)

Filter

Click Filter to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering observations. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

Load (Geoid tab only)

Click Load to load the geoid separations from the geoid model. A geoid model must be selected in the Coordinate System tab of the Project Properties dialog before this button becomes available.

The geoid model and horizontal coordinates of each Point are used to interpolate for the geoid separation at that location. By loading geoid separations, the elevation for each point is obtained using the observed ellipsoid height and the observed geoid separation. Typically, geoid separations are loaded after producing coordinates on every point using a fully constrained adjustment using the datum for which the geoid model is defined.

For more information, see Loading Geoid Separations.

Unload (Geoid tab only)

Click Unload to remove the geoid separations from the project. To use geoid separations again in your project, reload the separations using the Load button. This button is only available when the geoid tab is selected.

This button is disabled when no geoid model is selected in the project properties or no geoid separations are loaded into the project.

All observations in the Observations list are removed when the observations are deleted from the project.

For more information, see Unloading Geoid Separations.


    Observations (GPS)

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Use the Observations list in this tab to:

 include and exclude GPS observations

 view observation residuals

 disable observations

The list only reflects the observations used in the network adjustment. You can only edit the Use column; the other columns are just for reference.

TIP: You can filter observations in this list to show any combination of RTK, Kinematic, Static, or Continuous observations. Filtering lets you temporarily hide certain observations so that you can find others more easily. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Use	Select or clear the check boxes in this column to include an observation in, or exclude an observation from, the network adjustment. Use it to identify the current state of each observation in the list.  NOTE: You can also right-click an observation to display a menu with a command for disabling the observation. Disabled observations are removed from the observation list and cannot be used in an adjustment until they are re-enabled. Disabled Observations cannot be re-enabled from the Observations dialog. For more information, see Re-enabling Disabled Observations.
Obs	The record number assigned to observations. A "B" appears at the start of the record to show that it is for a GPS observation type.
From Point	The point where the observation is measured from
To Point	The point where the observation is measured to.
Type	The survey method used to collect an observation. Possible values are RTK, Kinematic, Static, and Continuous.
Variance Group	The variance group, if any, associated with the observation.
Std. Res. (max)	The standardized residual computed for the observation.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Observations (Terrestrial)

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 Dialog

Overview

Use the Observations list in this tab to:

 include or exclude terrestrial observations

 view observation residuals

 disable observations

You can only edit the Use column; all other columns are only for viewing.

TIP: You can filter observations in this list to show any combination of azimuth, horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, delta elevation, or trigonometric elevation observations. Filtering lets you temporarily hide certain observations so that you can find others more easily.

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation.

For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, you will only get observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not see observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you check both the horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths are displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations, check the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation options.

The following columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Use	Select this check box to include an observation in, or exclude an observation from, the network adjustment, and use it to identify the current state of each observation in the list.  NOTE: You can also right-click an observation to display a menu with a command for disabling the observation. Disabled observations are removed from the observation list and cannot be used in an adjustment until they are re-enabled. Disabled observations cannot be re-enabled from the Observations dialog. For more information, see Re-enabling Disabled Observations.
Obs	The record number assigned to observations. The record number is preceded by the letter "T" to show that it is for a terrestrial observation type.
BS Point	The backsight point name.
Instr Point	The instrument point name.
FS Point	The foresight point name.
Variance Group	Any variance group that is associated with observations.
Std. Res. (max)	The standardized residual computed for the observation.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.

NOTE: Level and azimuth observations are treated as terrestrial observations. For these observations, consider the Instr point as the "from" point and the FS point as the "to" point.


    Observations (Geoid)

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Overview

Use the Observations list in this tab to view geoid observations. You can only edit the Use column. All other columns are only for viewing.

Geoid separations are computed from the current geoid model for all points in the adjustment.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Use	Select this check box to include an observation in, or exclude an observation from, the network adjustment. View it to determine the current state of observations.
Obs	The record number assigned to observations. A "G" appears at the start of the record to show that it is for a geoid observation.
Point	The point name used to generate the geoid observation.
Separation	The difference between the height (ellipsoid) and the elevation (geoid).
Error	The standard error of the geoid observations. This is computed when geoid observations are loaded. To overwrite this standard error, set the minimum standard error in the Network Adjustment Styles dialog.
Variance Group	The variance group name associated with an observation. Geoid observations only list the <Geoid default> variance group in this column.
Std. Res.	The standardized residual computed for the observation.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Observation Filter dialog - Overview
    Observation Filter dialog – Overview

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Overview

Use this dialog to filter the observation types appearing in the Available Observations list.

To view the Observation Filter dialog:

  Click Filter from any dialog with an Available Observation list.

All filters are enabled by default, allowing all observation types to be displayed and hiding the observation types in the list. Clear the check mark to disable individual filters. The following table shows the available options:

In the terrestrial observation filter, leave all of the observations selected unless you are confident of the observation types that you want to select. If you select one option, it is the same as selecting a partial observation. For example, if you select the ellipsoid distance filter, then you will only see observations that contain an ellipsoid distance. You will not get observations with a horizontal angle and ellipsoid distance unless you select both of those filter options.

  If you select the Azimuth check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, only observations with keyed-in azimuths will be displayed.

  If you select the Delta elevation check box and clear the check boxes for the other observations, the level data will be selected.

  If you want to view raw observations; select the horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, and trigonometric elevation check boxes.


Variance Groups dialog - Overview
    Variance Groups dialog − Overview

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The Variance Groups dialog contains the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs. Use these tabs to view, create, edit, and delete variance groups of GPS observations and terrestrial observations, or view the default variance group of geoid separations.

To access the Variance Groups dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups.

These options are available in each tab:

Groups

Use this list to make selections before editing or deleting variance groups. As new variance groups are created, they are added to this list.

Variance groups of GPS observations are displayed when the GPS tab is selected, terrestrial observations are displayed when the Terrestrial tab is selected, and the geoid observations are displayed when the Geoid tab is selected.

NOTE: Initially, the <Geoid default> group contains no observations. Observations appear if a geoid model is defined in the project properties and geoid separations are loaded in the project.

New

Select this button to create a new variance group for the project.

After selecting this button, the New Variance Group dialog is displayed with an option for assigning a name to the variance group. When you click OK to create the new group, the Edit Variance Group dialog is displayed with options for adding GPS observations or terrestrial observations to the group. This button is not available when viewing the <Geoid default> variance group.

Edit

Select this button to edit an existing variance group selected from the Groups list. The selected group is loaded in the Edit Variance Group dialog where individual observations can be added or removed from the group.

All GPS and terrestrial variance groups can be edited and the geoid variance group only can be viewed.

Delete

Select this button to delete the variance group selected from the Groups list.

After selecting this button, a message appears with a request to verify deletion of the variance group. You can choose OK to continue or Cancel to abandon the action.

NOTE: You cannot delete the <GPS default>, <Terr. Default>, or <Geoid default> variance groups.

NOTE: If you have observations over very short lines (< 25 meters), Trimble recommends that you create a separate variance group for these observations so that they are scaled separately from other observations.


Edit Variance Groups dialog - Overview
    Edit Variance Groups dialog − Overview

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The Edit Variance Groups dialog contains the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs. Use these tabs to view, and edit variance groups, GPS observations, terrestrial observations, and geoid separations. For variance groups, editing is the process of adding and removing observations.

To view the Edit Variance Groups dialog:

1.	To view the Variance Groups dialog, select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Group dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tab.

3.	Select the desired group.

4.	Click Edit.

The Edit Variance Groups dialog appears. For more information, see Editing Variance Groups.

These options are available in each tab:

Group Name

View this field to find the name assigned to the variance group. This field is for reference only and cannot be edited.

Group Observations

Monitor this list to view the observations in a variance group. Three forms of this list exist: one appears for GPS observations, one for terrestrial observations, and the other appears for observations for which geoid separations exist. For more information about the columns in each list, see these topics:

  Group Observations (GPS)

  Group Observations (terrestrial)

  Group Observations (geoid)

Available Observations

Monitor this list to view all GPS observations included in the network adjustment. Observations can be selected from this list and added to the variance group. All fields are for reference only and cannot be edited.

  Available Observations (GPS)

  Available Observations (terrestrial)

  Available Observations (geoid)

NOTE: The Available Observations list appears but is not active when editing the <Geoid default> variance group.

Add

Select this button to add observations to variance groups. This button is only available when an observation is selected in the Available Observations list. The selected observation is added to the Group Observations list. For more information, see Adding Observations.

Remove

Select this button to remove an observation from a variance group. This button is only available when an observation is selected in the Group Observation list. This button is only available when editing user-defined variance groups, not the default variance groups. For more information, see Removing Observations.

Filter

Select this button to filter observations in Available Observations list.

The Observation Filter dialog is displayed with options for filtering observations in the list.

In the Edit Variance Group dialog for GPS observations, you can show or hide any combination of RTK, Kinematic, Static, and Continuous observation types by selecting options from the dialog. In the Edit Variance Group dialog for terrestrial observations, you can show or hide any combination of Azimuth, Horizontal Angle, Ellipsoid distance, Delta Elevation, or Trigonometric Observations.

For more information, see Filtering Observations.


Group Observations (Variance Group - GPS)
    Group Observations (Variance Group − GPS)

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View the observations in a variance group using this list. This form of the list only appears for variance groups of GPS observations.

Observations can be added to this list and removed from the list. All fields are for reference only and cannot be edited. When an observation is highlighted in this list, the Remove button is available for removing observations from the list. For more information, see Adding Observations and Removing Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number assigned to the observation in the project.
From Pt	The starting point of the observation.
To Pt	The ending point of the observation.
Type	The method used to collect the observation. Possible values are Static, Kinematic, RTK, and Continuous.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Available Observations (Variance Group - GPS)
    Available Observations (Variance Group − GPS)

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Use this list to view all of the GPS observations that were included in the network adjustment. Observations can be selected from this list and added to the variance group. All fields are for reference only and cannot be edited.

Each row in the list represents the variance group information for one observation. Use the list as the source for adding observations to the variance group. When an observation is selected in the list, the Add button becomes available for adding observations to the Group Observations list.

TIP: You can use the Filter button to show any combination of RTK, Kinematic, Static, or Continuous observations. Filtering temporarily hides some observations to make it easier to view others. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number assigned to the observation in the project.
From Pt	The starting point of the observation.
To Pt	The ending point of the observation.
Type	The GPS survey method used to collect the observation. The four possible values are RTK, Kinematic, Static, and Continuous.
Variance Group	If an observation is assigned to a variance group.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Group Observations (Variance Group - Geoid)
    Group Observations (Variance Group − Geoid)

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Each row in the list is an observation record stored in the project. You cannot edit any of the fields.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number of the observation data stored in the project.
Point	The name of the point, from which the coordinates were used to extract the geoid observations from the model.
Separation	The height of the geoid observation derived from the geoid model defined in the project properties.
Error	The estimated error in the geoid separation.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Available Observations (Variance Group - Geoid)
    Available Observations (Variance Group − Geoid)

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Overview

The Available Observations list is disabled and is not used.


    New Variance Groups dialog

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Use this dialog to create a new variance group.

NOTE: This button is not available when the geoid tab is selected. Since the same method is used to interpolate for each geoid observation from the same geoid model, there is no need to separate them into multiple groups.

To view the New Variance Groups dialog:

1.	To view the Variance Groups dialog, select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups. The Variance Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS, or the Terrestrial tab.

3.	Click New.

The New Variance Groups dialog appears.

These options are available:

Name

Type the variance group name in this field. Variance group names can contain up to 24 characters, but smaller descriptive names are easier to find in the Groups list.

After naming the new variance group and clicking OK, the Edit Variance Group dialog is displayed with options for adding and removing variance group observations. For more information, see Creating Variance Groups.


Group Observations (Variance Group - Terrestrial)
Group Observations (Variance Group − Terrestrial)

Overview

In this Groups list, you can view your observations in a variance group. This form of the list only appears for variance groups of terrestrial observations.

TIP: You can add or remove observations to or from this list. (The Remove button becomes available when an observation is highlighted in the list.) However, you cannot edit any fields. For more information, see Adding Observations and Removing Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number assigned to the observation in the project.
BS Point	The name of the observation backsight point.
Instr Point	The name of the observation instrument point.
FS Point	The name of the observation foresight point.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.

NOTE: Level and azimuth observations are treated as terrestrial observations. For these observations, consider the Instr point as the "from" point and the FS point as the "to" point.

NOTE: When you create a terrestrial variance group, a separate group is created for each observation type. For example, if you create a terrestrial variance group that contains vertical angle and distance observations, one terrestrial variance group is created for the angle observations and one terrestrial variance group is created for the distance observations. This also occurs for the <Terr. Default> variance group.


Available Observations (Variance Group - Terrestrial)
Available Observations (Variance Group − Terrestrial)

Overview

In this Groups list, you can view all of the terrestrial observations that were included in your network adjustment. Each row represents the variance group information for one observation. You can select observations from the list to add to the variance group. However, you cannot edit any fields.

When an observation is selected in the list, the Add button becomes available for adding observations to the Group Observations list.

TIP: You can use the Filter button to filter observations and show any combination of azimuth, horizontal angle, ellipsoid distance, delta elevation, and trigonometric elevation. Filtering temporarily hides some observations to make it easier to view others. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number assigned to the observation in the project.
BS Point	The observation backsight point name.
Instr Point	The observation instrument point name.
FS Point	The observation foresight point name.
Variance Group	If an observation is assigned to a variance group.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Transformation Groups dialog - Overview
    Transformation Groups dialog − Overview

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Overview

Use the Transformation Groups dialog to create, edit, and delete the transformation groups for the network adjustment. This dialog contains the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs. Use these tabs to view or select transformation groups of GPS observations, terrestrial observations, geoid observations.

To access the Transformation Groups dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups.

These options are available in each tab:

Groups

Use this list to select a transformation group of GPS, terrestrial, or geoid observations.

The contents of the Groups list change when the GPS, terrestrial, or geoid tab is selected

Three default transformation groups (the <GPS default> group, the <Terr. default> group, and the <Geoid default> group) are automatically created. The <Geoid default> group may be empty, or may contain all observations for which geoid separations exist.

NOTE: The <Geoid default> group is empty if no geoid model is defined for the project or if geoid model separations have not been loaded into the project. For information about defining a geoid model for a project, see Coordinate System. For information about loading geoid separations from a geoid model for adjustment, see Observations.

A tab list is provided for selecting GPS, terrestrial, or geoid transformation groups. The GPS tab lists the <GPS default> group, plus any other user-defined GPS groups created for the project. The Terrestrial tab lists the <Terr. default> group, plus any other user-defined terrestrial groups created for the project. The geoid tab only lists the <Geoid default> group; new geoid groups cannot be created.

After selecting a group from the list, one of the available buttons can be selected to edit or delete the transformation group, if applicable.

New

Use this button to create a new transformation group. This button is not available for geoid transformation groups.

NOTE: The <GPS default>, <Terr. default>, and <Geoid default> groups can never be deleted. The <Geoid default> transformation group is the only geoid transformation group. Multiple geoid transformation groups are not necessary because the geoid observations come from a single source, the geoid model. For the <Geoid default> group, only the transformation parameters can be edited.

For more information, see Creating Transformation Groups.

Edit

Use this button to view or edit GPS, terrestrial, or geoid transformation groups. This button is always available when the list of GPS, terrestrial, or geoid groups is displayed.

After selecting this button, the Edit Transformation Group dialog appears, with options for adding or removing group observations (GPS and terrestrial only) and editing transformation parameters.

For more information, see Editing Transformation Groups.

Delete

Use this button to delete selected GPS or terrestrial transformation groups. The <GPS default>, <Terr. default>, and <Geoid default> groups can never be deleted from the project. Only user-defined GPS or terrestrial transformation groups can be deleted.

NOTE: Since the <Geoid default> group cannot be deleted and no new geoid transformation groups can be created, this button is never available when geoid transformation groups are selected.

For more information, see Deleting Transformation Groups.


    New Transformation Groups dialog

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Overview

Use the New Transformation Group dialog to create a new GPS or terrestrial transformation group.

NOTE: This button is not available when the geoid tab is selected. Since the same method is used to interpolate for each geoid observation from the same geoid model, there is no need to separate them into multiple groups.

To access it:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS or Terrestrial tab.

3.	Click New.

The New Transformation Group dialog appears.

One option is available:

Name

Type the transformation group name in this field. Transformation group names can contain up to 24 characters, but smaller descriptive names are easier to find in the Groups list.

After naming the new transformation group and clicking OK, the Edit Transformation Group dialog is displayed with options for adding and removing transformation group observations and defining transformation parameters. For more information, see Creating Transformation Groups.


Edit Transformation Groups dialog - Overview
    Edit Transformation Groups dialog − Overview

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Overview

Use the Edit Transformation Group dialog to view, edit, and verify transformation groups of GPS, terrestrial, or geoid observations.

To access it:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups. The Transformation Groups dialog appears.

2.	In the GPS, Terrestrial or Geoid tab, select the desired group.

3.	Click Edit.

The Edit Transformation Group dialog appears. For more information, see Editing Transformation Groups.

For GPS and terrestrial transformation groups, editing is the process of adding or removing observations included in the network adjustment to or from the group and defining transformation parameters. Since geoid transformation groups contain all enabled observations in the network adjustment, for which geoid model separations exist, editing is limited to defining transformation parameters.

NOTE: The <Geoid default> group is empty if no geoid model is defined for the project or if geoid separations from the model have not been loaded into the project. For information about defining a geoid model for a project, see Coordinate Systems. For information about loading geoid separations from a geoid model, see Observations.

Any combination of transformation parameters can be defined or computed to apply transformations to the observations in a transformation group. Multiple GPS or terrestrial transformation groups can be created and different sets of transformation parameters can be applied to each of those groups.

CAUTION: Applying a transformation inappropriately could cause adverse effects on your adjustment. All transformation parameters should be verified before attempting transformations on a group of observations.

These options are available:

Group Name

This field shows the name assigned to the transformation group. This field is for reference only and cannot be edited.

Transformation Parameter List

Use this list to define, compute, or exclude transformation parameters.

These parameters can be defined or computed:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant

Each parameter definition includes a Value field and Status list. For additional information, see these topics:

 Value

 Status

By default, these transformation parameters are set to computed for transformation groups of GPS observations:

   Longitude Deflection

   Latitude Deflection

   Azimuth Rotation

   Network Scale

By default, only the azimuth rotation is set to computed for terrestrial observations. Other parameters can be set to user-defined or computed, but only use them when there is a systematic error in the observations. For example, if an adjustment is run and all of the distances (measured by terrestrial techniques) have a +3 ppm residual, a distance scale parameter cannot be computed because there was obviously a systematic error during data collection. This systematic error may have occurred because the ppm setting on the EDM was not applied.

NOTE: The azimuth rotation, network scale, distance scale, and distant constant parameters are not used for geoid transformations.

For basic guidelines about defining individual transformation parameters or sets of parameters, see Transformation Parameters. For more advanced information about techniques and practices for transforming observation data, see the Bibliography.

Group Observations

This list shows the GPS, terrestrial, or geoid observations included in a transformation group. Different variations of this list can appear, depending on the type of observation.

For more information, see these topics:

  Group Observations (GPS)

  Group Observations (terrestrial)

  Group Observations (geoid)

Available Observations

Use this list to view all observations in the network adjustment and as the source for adding observations to a transformation group. All fields are for display purposes and are not available for editing.

For more information about the fields in these lists, see these topics:

  Available Observations (GPS)

  Available Observations (terrestrial)

  Available Observations (geoid)

NOTE: The Available Observations list appears but is not active when editing the <GPS default>, <Terr. default>, or <Geoid default> transformation group. An observation cannot be removed from the default GPS, terrestrial, or geoid transformation groups.

Add

Use this button to add observations to the Group Observations list. This button is only available when an observation is selected in the Available Observations list.

Remove

Use this button to remove observations from the Group Observations list.

Filter

Use this button to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering the observation types in the Available Observations list.


    Value (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the fields in the second column of the Transformation Parameter List to view or change the value applied to each transformation parameter.

This field specifies the transformation parameter values, and the option selected from the Status list determines how that value is generated or not generated.

Guidelines for changing the value and status of individual parameters are listed in these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant


    Status (Transformation Parameter)

More Information

Dialog	See also
Overview

Use the fields in the third column of the Transformation Parameter List to select the method used to determine a transformation parameter value.

These options are available:

Computed

Use this option to allow the Trimble Geomatics Office software to compute the transformation parameter Value as part of the adjustment. The value for each parameter in the list is computed when sufficient fixed-point constraints (points fixed to coordinate components) are included in the adjustment. For more information about constraining coordinates, see Points.

User-Defined

Use this option to enter a user-defined transformation parameter value. If a parameter value is known, this option is selected as the status and the known value is entered into the associated Value field.

CAUTION: Use caution when setting the parameter status to this setting and when entering user-defined parameter values. For general guidelines about defining the value and status of individual parameters, see Transformation Parameters.

Unused

Use this option to disable a transformation parameter value. If a value is entered in the Value field, this option disables the value. A disabled parameter value is not computed or applied to the observations in the transformation group. This is the default setting for all parameters.

CAUTION: Use caution when selecting the Status option for a transformation parameter value. Applying a transformation parameter value inappropriately can cause adverse effects on your adjustment.

Guidelines for selecting the Status option for individual parameters are included in these topics:

  Longitude Deflection

  Latitude Deflection

  Azimuth Rotation

  Network Scale

  Distance Scale

  Distance Constant

  Height Constant


    Longitude Deflection (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value field and Status list to view, verify, or enter the tilt in the Local Geodetic Horizon in the east-west direction, expressed in seconds of arc.

Longitude deflection is a rotation angle used for datum transformation and sometimes (terrestrial observation) to compute a Laplace correction for observed astronomic azimuths. If you use this rotation angle, you need three heights (elevation and/or ellipsoid) that are fixed at known (not necessarily fixed) horizontal positions in the network. The angle affects angular and linear, horizontal (except for delta elevations), and vertical observations; and corresponds to one of the components for the deflection of the vertical.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Latitude Deflection (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, verify, or define the tilt in the Local Geodetic Horizon in the north-south direction, expressed in seconds of arc.

Latitude Deflection is one of the rotation angles for a datum transformation used in the transformation of observations from one datum to another. If you use this rotation angle, then you need three heights (elevation and/or ellipsoid) that are fixed at known (not necessarily fixed) horizontal positions in the network. The angle affects angular and linear, horizontal (except for delta elevations), and vertical observations; and corresponds to one of the components for the deflection of the vertical.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Azimuth Rotation (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, verify, compute, or enter the rotation angle of the coordinate system around the normal at every point (in this case, normal is a line perpendicular to the ellipsoid at that point) to account for the rotation of the adjustment datum to the observation datum, expressed in seconds of arc. Azimuth rotation is used for datum transformations and affects keyed-in azimuths only.

For GPS observations, computing azimuth rotation requires two fixed horizontal points. Terrestrial observations, by default, are rotated to fit GPS azimuths.

By default, only the azimuth rotation is set to computed for terrestrial observations. Other parameters can be set to user-defined or computed, but only use them when a systematic error is in the observations. For example, if an adjustment is run and all of the distances (measured by terrestrial techniques) have a +3 ppm residual, a distance scale parameter may be computed because there was obviously a systematic error during data collection.  This systematic error may have occurred because the ppm setting on the EDM was not applied.

NOTE: The azimuth rotation parameter is not used for geoid transformations.

NOTE: The rotation is only applied to observations in the adjustment. For example, sideshot observations, which are not included in the adjustment, will not be rotated.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Network Scale (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, verify, or enter a Network Scale multiplier to apply to every linear observation in the adjustment. Network Scale is used for the transformation of a set of observations from one datum to another.

Computing Network Scale for GPS observations requires two fixed horizontal points and one fixed vertical point.

Computing Network Scale for Terrestrial observations requires two fixed horizontal points or vertical points.

Network Scale is applied to all linear GPS observations in the transformation group.

NOTE: The Network Scale parameter is not used for geoid transformations.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Distance Scale (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, verify, or enter the Distance Scale multiplier applied to every distance observation in the parameter group.

Distance Scale is used for datum transformations and sometimes to correct systematic errors in observations. Two fixed horizontal points are required when defining this parameter.

NOTE: The Distance Scale parameter is not used for geoid transformations.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Distance Constant (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, verify, or enter a constant distance value, in project units, to every distance observation in the GPS parameter group. This parameter corrects systematic distance errors in observations. Two fixed horizontal points are required when defining this parameter.

NOTE: The Distant Constant parameter is not used for geoid transformations.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


    Height Constant (Transformation Parameter)

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Overview

Use the Value and Status fields to view, enter, compute, or define a constant height value added to every vertical observation in the transformation group. The height constant is used to correct for systematic errors in observations, and to transform geoid models.  This parameter value requires one elevation and one height.

This parameter corrects systematic errors in vertical observations and is used to transform geoid models.

For more information, see Defining Transformation Parameters.


Group Observations (Transformation Group - GPS)
    Group Observations (Transformation Group − GPS)

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Overview

Use this list to view GPS transformation groups and to add or remove GPS transformation group observations. You cannot edit any of the fields.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The ID assigned to the observation. GPS observation numbers are preceded by the letter "B".
From Pt	The starting point of the observation.
To Pt	The end point of the observation.
Type	The survey method used to collect the observation.

TIP: You can move, resize, and sort columns.


Available Observations (Transformation Group - GPS)
    Available Observations (Transformation Group − GPS)

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Overview

Use this list to view all enabled observations in the network adjustment and as the source for adding observations to a GPS transformation group. All fields are for display purposes and are not available for editing.

When data is initially loaded into a project, all enabled observations are added to the <GPS default> group. Observations can be moved to user-defined transformation groups. However, each observation can only be in one user-defined group.

Any observations can be selected from this list and added to the current transformation group. This includes observations assigned to other user-defined transformation groups. When a observation belonging to another user-defined group is added to the current group, it is removed from the other group.

TIP: Observations collected using one or more survey methods can be filtered. Filtered observations are temporarily hidden, making the list smaller. The smaller list size makes it easier to find observations. Use the Type field to learn the survey method used to collect observations. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

NOTE: The list does not reflect the all of observations in the project, only the observations used in the network adjustment.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The ID assigned to the observation. The letter ‘B’ precedes GPS observation numbers.
From Pt	The name of the starting point in the observation.
To Pt	The name of the ending point in the observation.
Type	The survey method used to collect the observation. The four possible values are RTK, Kinematic, Static, and Continuous.
Transformation Group	The transformation that the observation is assigned to.

TIP: You can move, resize, and sort columns.


Group Observations (Transformation Group - Geoid)
    Group Observations (Transformation Group − Geoid)

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Overview

Use this list to view the <Geoid default> transformation group. All fields are for display purposes only and cannot be edited.

All geoid observations used in the network adjustment are automatically loaded in this list when geoid separations are loaded into network adjustment.

Geoid observations cannot be deleted from this list. The only way to remove an observation from this list is to disable the observation, preventing its use throughout the project.

TIP: You can move, resize, and sort columns.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The ID assigned to the observation. The letter "G" precedes geoid observation numbers.
Point	The name of the point from which the coordinates were used to extract the geoid observations from the model.
Separation	The geoid separation between the WGS-84 ellipsoid and mean sea level.
Error	The estimated error in the geoid observation.
NOTE: The initial estimated error for geoid separations is the standard error of the set of observations. The Trimble Geomatics Office software computes the mean of all the geoid separations in the adjustment, then determines the standard error of the separations. This is only a starting point, and you may need to scale the observations before a true representation of your estimated errors is achieved.

NOTE: You can change the standard error by increasing the minimum standard error for geoid separations in the Network Adjustment Styles dialog.


Available Observations (Transformation Group - Geoid)
    Available Observations (Transformation Group − Geoid)

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Overview

The Available Observations list is disabled and is not used.


Group Observations (Transformation Group - Terrestrial)
Group Observations (Transformation Group − Terrestrial)

Overview

Use this list to view terrestrial transformation groups and to add or remove terrestrial transformation group observations. You cannot edit the information in this list.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The ID assigned to the observation. The letter "T" precedes terrestrial observation numbers. The letter "L" precedes level observations.
BS Point	The observation backsight point name.
Instr Point	The observation instrument point name.
FS Point	The observation foresight point name.

TIP: You can move, resize, and sort columns.

NOTE: Level and azimuth observations are treated as terrestrial observations. For these observations, consider the Instr point as the "from" point and the FS point as the "to" point.


Available Observations (Transformation Group - Terrestrial)
Available Observations (Transformation Group − Terrestrial)

Overview

This list shows the observations used in the network adjustment. Use it to view all enabled observations in the network adjustment. You can also use it as the source for adding observations to a terrestrial transformation group. You cannot edit the information in this list.

When data is initially loaded into a project, all enabled observations are added to the <Terr. default> group. As user-defined transformation groups are created, the observations are then removed from the <Terr. default> group.

You can select any observations from the Available Observations list and add them to the current transformation group. This includes observations assigned to other user-defined transformation groups. (When you do this, the observation is removed from the other group.)

TIP: Observations collected using different methods can be filtered, for example, delta elevations. Filtered observations are temporarily hidden, making the list smaller. This makes it easier to find observations. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The number assigned to the observation. The letter "T" precedes terrestrial observation numbers. The letter "L" precedes level observations.
BS Point	The observation backsight point name.
Instr Point	The observation instrument point name.
FS Point	The observation foresight point name.
Transformation Group	This column lets you know if the observation is assigned to a transformation group.

TIP: You can move, resize, and sort columns.

NOTE: Level and azimuth observations are treated as terrestrial observations. For these observations, consider the Instr point as the "from" point and the FS point as the "to" point.


Weighting Strategies dialog - Overview
    Weighting Strategies dialog − Overview

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Overview

The Weighting Strategies dialog lets you define and apply weighting strategies to GPS observations, terrestrial observations, geoid observations, and Variance Groups.

To access it:

  Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies.

The Weighting Strategies dialog contains the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs. Each one contains an Observations list in which you can view observations included in a network adjustment. Select the appropriate tab to view all GPS observations, terrestrial observations, or all points for which geoid separations exist.

Each tab contains the following options:

Apply Scalars To

Select one of these options to define the method used to apply weighting strategies to observations or variance groups.

Scalar Type

Select one of these options to apply a scalar to estimated errors using the method selected in the Apply Scalars To group. For more information, see Scalar Type.

Scalar Value

This field is only enabled when the User-defined option is selected in the Scalar Type group. Enter a value in this field to define and apply the scalar value.

When you click Lock, the scalar from the current adjustment is inserted in this field.

CAUTION: Use extreme care when editing this field. For guidelines about evaluating the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies report statistics.

Observations

Monitor this list to view the scalar for all GPS observations, terrestrial observations, or observations for which geoid separations exist. The appearance and content of this list changes when the GPS, Terrestrial, or Geoid tabs are selected. For more information, see these topics:

  Observations (GPS)

  Observations (Terrestrial)

  Observations (Geoid)

Groups

View this list to show variance groups and the scalar value applied to all observations in the group.  This list automatically appears when the GPS tab is selected and Apply To Scalars is set to Variance Groups. For more information, see Groups.

Lock

Click this button to lock the current Scalar Value.

Lock the Scalar Value once the adjustment has passed the Chi-square test (reference factor ~ 1.00) using the Alternative Scalar Type. Once the Scalar Value is locked, the Scalar Type automatically changes to User-defined, and the scalar appears in the Scalar Value field. The Alternative Scalar Type is no longer used.

NOTE: When the Automatic scalar type option is selected, and an automatic adjustment is performed, the Scalar Value locks and the scalar type changes to User-defined.

The Lock button is disabled when using the Default or User-defined Scalar Types.

Apply

Click this button to apply the scalar weighting strategies to the next adjustment iteration. The User-defined scalar type must be selected before this button becomes available.

Filter

Click this button to display the Observation Filter dialog with options for filtering observations. Filtering is useful when viewing large numbers of observations. All filters are automatically removed when exiting the dialog. For more information, see Filtering Observations.


    GPS (Weighting Strategies)

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Overview

Use the GPS tab to view, define, and apply weighting strategies for GPS observations.

To access it:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Weighting Strategies dialog appears.

2.	Select the GPS tab.

Another step is required to access the weighting strategies for variance groups.

To access the variance group options:

  Set the Apply Scalars To option to Variance Groups.

The appearance of the dialog changes and the Observations list is replaced with the Groups list. Variance groups can be selected from this list, and the weighting strategies can be defined and applied to the observations included in the variance groups.


Terrestrial (Weighting Strategies)

Overview

Use the Terrestrial tab to view, define, and apply weighting strategies for terrestrial observations. You can also access the weighting strategies for variance groups.

To do this:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Weighting Strategies dialog appears.

2.	Select the Terrestrial tab.

3.	If you want to access the weighting strategies for variance groups, in the Apply Scalars To group, select the Variance Groups option.

The Observations list becomes the Groups list, and from it you can select the appropriate variance groups. You can also define the weighting strategies and apply them to the observations included in the variance groups.


    Geoid (Weighting Strategies)

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How to ...	Dialog	See also
Use the Geoid tab to view, define, and apply weighting strategies for geoid observations.

To do this:

1.	Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies. The Weighting Strategies dialog appears.

2.	Select the Geoid tab.

If no observations appear in the list, check the Geoid tab of the Observations dialog. A geoid model must be assigned to the project and the geoid separations must be loaded from the model into the project.

NOTE: The initial geoid separations estimated error is the standard error from the mean of the set of observations. The Trimble Geomatics Office software computes the means of all the geoid separations in the adjustment, then determines the standard error from the mean for each separation. This is only a starting point for the estimation of the errors in the geoid separation and you may need to scale the observations before a true representation of your estimated errors is achieved.

NOTE: You can change the standard error by increasing the minimum standard error for geoid separations in the Network Adjustment Styles dialog.


    Apply Scalars To

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Overview

Use these buttons to select the method used to apply scalar weighting strategies to observations or variance groups.

These options are available:

All Observations

Select this option to apply a single scalar weighting strategy to all enabled observations in the network adjustment of a specified type (GPS, terrestrial, or geoid) based on overall network errors. This is the default option for the network adjustment.

Use this setting when all measurements in the network are performed following the same guidelines with the same equipment. Applying the weighting strategies to all observations is an acceptable practice when working with a simple network.

When the Scalar Type is set to Default, a default scalar of 1.0 is applied to all observations.

When the Scalar Type is set to Alternative, the group’s reference factor from the latest adjustment multiplied by the scalar of the latest adjustment is applied to all error estimates for all observations.

When the Scalar Type is set to User-defined, the cursor appears in the Scalar field of the Groups list, allowing the entry of a scalar value. The value entered in this field is applied to all error estimates for all observations when the next adjustment iteration is performed.

When the scalar type is set to Automatic, the software performs an automatic adjustment, using the Alternative scalar type option. The software repeats the adjustment until the Chi-square test passes.

To evaluate the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Adjustment Report.

Each Observation

Select this option to apply an individual weighting strategy to each enabled vector included in the network adjustment, based on the error of each vector.

NOTE: This option is only available in the GPS tab.

Use this setting for diagnostic purposes, such as locating bad observations in a network. Trimble does not recommend that you use this method of applying scalar weighting for final network adjustments.

When the Scalar Type is set to Default, a default scalar of 1.0 is applied to each observation.

When the Scalar Type is set to Alternative, the variance group’s reference factor from the latest adjustment, multiplied by the scalar of the latest adjustment, is applied to all error estimates for each observation.

To evaluate the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Adjustment Report.

Variance Groups

Use this option to apply weighting strategies to all observations in a variance group.

NOTE: This option is only available when the GPS or Terrestrial tabs are selected from the Weighting Strategies dialog.

When this option is selected, the Observations list is replaced with the Groups list, showing all variance groups and their scalar values.

When the Scalar Type is set to Default, a default scalar of 1.0 is applied to all observations in the group.

When the Scalar Type is set to Alternative, the group’s reference factor from the latest adjustment multiplied by the scalar of the latest adjustment is applied to all error estimates for the observations in the group.

When the Scalar Type is set to User-defined, the cursor appears in the Scalar field of the Groups list, allowing the entry of a scalar value. The value entered in this field is applied to all error estimates for observations in the group when the next adjustment iteration is performed.

When the scalar type is set to Automatic, the software performs an automatic adjustment, using the Alternative scalar type option. The software repeats the adjustment until the Chi-square test passes.

To evaluate the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Adjustment Report.

For GPS observations, the All Observations, Each Observation, and Variance Groups options are available. For terrestrial observations, the All Observations and Variance Groups options are available. For geoid observations, only the All Observations option is available.

Possible combinations of weighting strategies are shown below:

Scalar Type	Apply Scalars To	Scalar List
Default	All Observations	No weighting strategy used
	Each Observation	No weighting strategy used
	Variance Groups	No weighting strategy used
Alternative	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally to each type
	Each Observation	Different scalar is applied for each observation
	Variance Groups	Single scalar is applied for each group
User-defined	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally
	Variance Groups	Single scalar is applied for each group
Automatic	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally
	Variance Groups	Single scalar is applied for each group


    Scalar Type

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Overview

Use these options to select the scalar type applied to GPS observations, terrestrial observations, geoid observations, and variance groups.

These options are available:

Default

Use this option to apply a default scalar of 1.0 to estimated errors using the method selected in the Apply Scalar To list.

Use this type for the first iteration of the adjustment. This applies the estimated error at face value, allowing you to assess the errors in the network. This is the default setting for the first adjustment iteration.

NOTE: When an observation is removed from the adjustment, you should return to using the default scalar type.

NOTE: When the default scalar is used for GPS observations, the coordinates for the "from" points are stored and used for all subsequent adjustments (until another default scalar adjustment is run) to model the vectors onto the ellipsoid.

To evaluate the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Network Adjustment report.

Alternative

Use this option to apply a scalar computed by multiplying the Reference Factor of the latest adjustment by the scalar from the latest adjustment. The resulting scalar value is applied to the estimated errors using the method selected in the Apply Scalars To option. This lets the Trimble Geomatics Office software automatically compute the scalar for the next adjustment iteration.

The alternative scalar is applied to the estimated errors for each adjustment iteration you perform until the Global Statistics are acceptable (that is, the Chi-square test passes). Once the results are acceptable, lock the scalar value to discontinue applying a new scalar to each successive adjustment iteration.

To evaluate the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Adjustment Report.

NOTE: You should attempt to alternative scale the outlier’s estimated errors prior to removing them from the adjustment. This allows you to see if the outlier’s estimated errors are acceptable after scaling them. If alternative scaling does not resolve the outlier, remove the outlier and return the weighting strategy to the default scalar type.

Caution: When using the alternative scalar, monitor the magnitude of the scalar as you progress through the adjustment iterations. Using unusually large scalars for resolving outliers is not recommended.

User defined

Use this option to apply a user-defined scalar to the estimated errors using the method selected for the Apply Scalars To option.

This type is disabled when Each Observation is selected for the Apply Scalars To option.

The type is set automatically when the Lock button is used at the completion of Alternative scaling. The last alternative scalar applied to the adjustment is placed in the Scalar Value field and becomes a user-defined scalar.

The practice of manually defining scalars requires an extensive knowledge of least-squares adjustments and survey measurements. Trimble does not recommend this type for the novice user of Trimble Geomatics Office software. For more information about survey measurements and least-squares adjustments, refer to the Bibliography.

Automatic

When the scalar type is set to Automatic, the software performs an automatic adjustment, using the Alternative scalar type option. (To stop the adjustment at any time, use the ESC key.)

The software repeats this adjustment until the global statistics are acceptable; that is, until the Chi-square test passes. However, if the Chi-square test does not pass after 10 iterations, the adjustment ends and a warning message appears; you will need to review the input data used in the adjustment.

If the automatic adjustment is successfully completed, the scalar value locks and the scalar type becomes User-defined. One more adjustment is run and then you can view the Network Adjustment report. The Network Adjustment report shows that the user-defined scalar type was used.

NOTE: If the automatic adjustment is not successfully completed (that is, it fails the Chi-square test), the Network Adjustment report shows that the alternative scalar type was used.

NOTE: Blunders in a data set cause the over-scaling of the other observations in the adjustment, so before you use the Automatic scalar type, make sure that all blunders have been removed. You can check for any blunders or erroneous data by running the adjustment using the default scalar option, and then reviewing the results.

After using the Automatic scalar type option, carefully review the adjustment results, in particular the adjustment histograms, to ensure that a blunder was not hidden in the observations.

CAUTION: Trimble recommends that you do not use the Automatic scalar type option to scale GPS and terrestrial observations at the same time.

For information on evaluating the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Network Adjustment report.

These weighting strategies are possible using the various options:

Scalar Type	Apply Scalars To	Scalar List
Default	All Observations	No weighting strategy used
	Each Observation	No weighting strategy used
	Variance Groups	No weighting strategy used
Alternative	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally
	Each Observation	Different scalar is applied for each observation
	Variance Groups	Single scalar applied for each group
User-defined	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally
	Variance Groups	Single scalar applied for each group
Automatic	All Observations	Single scalar is applied globally
	Variance Groups	Single scalar is applied for each group

For guidelines about evaluating the results of weighting strategies, see the Weighting Strategies section of the Adjustment Report.


    Observations (Weighting Strategies)

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Overview

Use the Observations list to view the weighting strategy used for each observation that was included in a network adjustment. A variation of this list appears in the GPS, Terrestrial, and Geoid tabs of the Weighting Strategies dialog.

However, in the GPS and Terrestrial tabs, when Apply Scalar To is set to Variance Groups, the Observations list automatically becomes the Groups list.

For more information, see these topics:

  Observations − GPS observations

  Observations − Terrestrial Observations

  Observations − Geoid observations


Observations (Weighting Strategies - GPS)
    Observations (Weighting Strategies − GPS)

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How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Use this Observations list to view the scalar weighting strategies for all of the GPS observations that were included in a network adjustment. You cannot edit any of the information in the list.

The Observations list is only available when Apply Scalar To is set to All Observations or Each Observation. When Apply Scalar To is set to Variance Groups, the Observations list automatically becomes the Groups list.

TIP: You can use the Filter button to filter observations collected using different survey methods. Filtering temporarily hides some observations to make it easier to view others. Use the Type field to determine the survey method used to collect observations. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number of the observation in the network adjustment. A ‘B’ appears at the start of the record to show that it is a GPS observation.
From Pt	The starting point of the observation.
To Pt	The ending point of the observation.
Scalar	The individual scalar for the observation.
Type	The GPS observation type.
Variance Group	The observation’s assigned variance group. Individual GPS observations can only be assigned to a single variance group; that is, multiple user-defined groups can exist, but each observation can only be assigned to one of those groups.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Observations (Weighting Strategies - Geoid)
    Observations (Weighting Strategies − Geoid)

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Overview

Use this Observations list to view the geoid observations loaded into the project. You cannot edit any of the information in the Observations list.

The Observations list is empty if a geoid model is not selected for the project, or if geoid separations have not been loaded.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number of the observation in the network adjustment. A "G" appears at the start of the record to show that it is a geoid observation.
Point	The name of the point used to generate the geoid observation.
Next Scalar	The next scalar value that will be applied to the observation.
Separation	The geoid separation from the selected geoid model.
Error	The estimated error in the geoid observation.
Variance Group	This shows if the observation is assigned to a variance group. Since only one geoid variance group can exist, all geoid observations are assigned to <Geoid default> group. NOTE: The <Geoid Default> group will always be the only geoid variance group available in any network adjustment. Since the same method is used to interpolate for each geoid observation from the same geoid model, there is no need to separate them into multiple groups.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


    Groups (Weighting Strategies)

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Overview

The Groups list shows the variance groups and the scalar value applied to all observations in the group.

In the GPS and Terrestrial tabs of the Weighting Strategies dialog, the Groups list becomes available when the Apply To Scalars is set to Variance Groups. The list is not available in the Geoid tab.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Group Name	The name of the variance group. You cannot edit the information in this column.
Next Scalar	The next scalar value used for the variance groups. You can enter a scalar value into this column when the User-defined scalar type is selected. If the scalar type is Default or Alternative, you cannot edit the information in this column.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.


Observations (Weighting Strategies - Terrestrial)
Observations (Weighting Strategies − Terrestrial)

Overview

This list is only available when Apply Scalar To is set to All Observations. You can use it to view the scalar weighting strategies for all of the terrestrial observations that were in the network adjustment. However, you cannot edit any of its fields.

TIP: You can use the Filter button to filter different observation types. Filtering temporarily hides some observations to make it easier to view others. For more information, see Filtering Observations.

These columns are available:

Column	What it shows
Obs	The record number of the observation in the network adjustment. A "T" appears at the start of the record to show that it is a terrestrial observation. The letter "L" is used to indicate level observations.
BS Point	The observation backsight point name.
Instr Point	The observation instrument point name.
FS Point	The observation foresight point name.
Next Scalar	The next scalar to be applied to the observations.
Variance Group	The observation’s assigned variance group. Although multiple user-defined groups can exist, you can only assign each terrestrial observation to one variance group.

TIP: You can resize, move, or sort columns in the list.

NOTE: Level and azimuth observations are treated as terrestrial observations. For these observations, consider the Instr point as the "from" point and the FS point as the "to" point.


    Adjustment Header

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Overview

Use the Adjustment Header, appearing at the top of the report, to view project information.

The header contains information collected from the project properties. A Contents section, containing the hyperlinks used to display report sections, is shown on the left side of the screen.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	Use the hyperlinks in the Contents section to browse through the report.

These fields or subsections are available:

Project

This field shows the project name.

User Name

This field shows the name entered in the project properties.

Date and Time

This field show the date and time when the report was generated.

Coordinate System

This field shows the coordinate system selected in the project properties.

Zone

This field shows the coordinate system zone selected in the project properties. If a GPS calibration site is selected, the site name is displayed in the Zone field.

All published coordinate systems will have a zone. The only coordinate system without a zone is the default projection which displays "default" in the Zone field. The default is used when you are assuming coordinates of a site, such as N = 10000, E = 10000, and elev = 100.

Project Datum

This field shows the project datum selected in the project properties. This does not represent the datum selected for the adjustment.

Vertical Datum

You can add this field to the Network Adjustment report header information. To display the vertical datum used in the project, add the necessary details to the Vertical Datum field in the Project Properties dialog - Project Details tab.

Geoid Model

This field shows the geoid model if a model was assigned in the project properties. This field reads ‘Not selected’ when no geoid model is assigned to the project.

Coordinate Units

This field shows the units of the coordinate system selected in the project properties.

Distance Units

This field shows the distance units selected in the project properties.

Height Units

This field shows the height units selected in the project properties.

Contents

The Contents section appears on the left-hand side of the screen and will include some, or all, of these hyperlinks:

  Project Details

  Adjustment Style Settings

  Residual Tolerances

  Covariance Display

  Adjustment Controls

  Setup Errors

  Statistical Summary

  GPS Observation Statistics

  Geoid Model Statistics

  Terrestrial Observation Statistics

  Weighting Strategies

  Adjusted Coordinates

  Grid Coordinates

  Geodetic Coordinates

  Coordinate Deltas

  Control Coordinate Comparisons

  Adjusted Observations

  GPS Observations

  Geoid Observations

  Terrestrial Observations

  Histograms for Standardized Residuals

  Point Error Ellipses

  Covariant Terms

Select the above hyperlinks to learn more about the individual report sections.


    Adjusted Coordinates

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use these statistics to quickly view:

  Number of points

  Number of points constrained to coordinate components

  Coordinate values of constrained and adjusted points

  A posteriori standard (estimated) errors of each point in the adjustment

  Final estimated errors

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Coordinates.

The Adjusted Coordinates sections begin with a set of fields, followed by separate tables showing:

  Adjusted Grid Coordinates

  Adjusted Geodetic Coordinates

  Adjusted Coordinate Deltas

These tables include data for each point in the network adjustment.

These statistics include:

Adjustment Performed in

This field identifies the datum used to perform the network adjustment. The WGS-84 datum should be used for a minimally constrained adjustment or free adjustment of GPS observations. If the WGS-84 datum is selected, the field displays:

Adjustment performed in WGS-84

Fully constrained adjustments are usually performed using the project datum. WGS-84 in the sample, above, is replaced with the name of the project datum.

Number of Points

This field lists the number of points included in the network adjustment.

Number of Constrained Points

This field lists the number of points with constrained coordinate components.

The number of constrained points separates into a description of fixed components. For example:

  Horizontal only

  Height only

  Elevation only

  Horizontal and height only

  Horizontal and elevation only

  Horizontal plus Height and Elevation

The above fields are immediately followed by these tables:

  Adjusted Grid Coordinates

  Adjusted Geodetic Coordinates

  Adjusted Coordinate Deltas

For more information about evaluating the data reported in each table, see the topics above.


    Coordinate Deltas

More Information

 See also

Overview

This table lists the magnitude of the coordinate shift (adjustment) of the coordinates for the points in the most recent adjustment.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Coordinates − Deltas.

The Adjusted Coordinate Deltas statistics appear.

These statistics list all the points in the adjustment and the amount of shift applied to each component during the last adjustment. The deltas are shown in linear units, based on the project coordinate units selected for the project.

Coordinate delta information is most useful after performing a fully constrained adjustment and specifically when evaluating anomalies in the magnitude of shifts.

These columns include:

Column	Shows the adjustment (shift) for the …
Point Name	−
ΔNorthing	Northing coordinate component
ΔEasting	Easting coordinate component
ΔElevation	coordinate’s elevation
ΔHeight	coordinate’s ellipsoidal height
ΔGeoid Separation	geoid separation if a geoid model is defined and separations are loaded into the project. This field is blank when geoid separations are not available.


    Covariant Terms

More Information

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Overview

These statistics show the relative line accuracy (covariant terms) between points in the adjustment.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Covariant Terms.

The Covariant Terms statistics appear.

The number of covariant terms displayed varies depending on the General properties defined in the adjustment style.

  All lines − Removing the check mark from the Use Reduce Column Profile and Restrict Covariant Terms to Observed Lines options will display all possible Azimuth, Delta Ellipsoid Height, Distance and Delta Elevation with associated errors between all points in the network.

  Observed lines − Selecting the Use Reduce Column Profile and Restrict Covariant Terms to Observed Lines options will display all azimuth, delta ellipsoid height, distance and delta elevation with associated errors for all observed lines only.

For more information about changing the content of these statistics, see Covariance Display.

Use these precision statistics to learn the relative error in any pair of points in the network.

These table columns are available:

Column	What it shows
From Point	The starting point for the relative covariant terms.
To Point	The ending point for the relative covariant terms.
Components	The components of the relative line between the points.
A-posteriori Error (   )	The a posteriori error of the observation components. The confidence level selected in the adjustment style is displayed in the parentheses and used to calculate the a posteriori estimates.
Horiz. Precision (    )	The two-dimensional or horizontal precision of the covariant values. The method of expressing the precisions (PPM or Ratio) is displayed in the parentheses.
3D Precision (    )	The three-dimensional precision of the covariant values. The method of expressing the precisions (PPM or Ratio) is displayed in the parentheses.


    Histograms for Standardized Residuals

More Information

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Overview

Use these histograms to view this information:

  Frequency distribution of the standardized residuals

  Observation outliers

  Normal distribution curve

  Critical Tau value

To access these histograms:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Histograms of Standardized Residuals.

The Histograms of Standardized Residuals appear.

These histograms include:

  Combined − combined plot for both the horizontal and vertical observations standardized residuals

  Horizontal − plot for the horizontal observations standardized residuals

  Vertical − plot for the vertical observations standardized residuals

Histograms graphically show the frequency distribution of observation standardized residuals from the most recent adjustment. The Adjusted Observations statistics list the standardized residuals for each observation.

The central vertical line is the zero residual. Based on the normal distribution, the smallest residuals are clustered around it and show the highest frequency of plotted residuals. The larger residuals are placed further from the zero line with diminishing frequency.

If the adjustment residuals are randomly distributed, the frequency distribution plot approximates the normal distribution curve. The curve is superimposed over the residuals plot.

The vertical lines to the left and right of the zero line show the critical Tau. Any standardized residual outside these lines is considered an outlier. The bar scale represents the sigma value. The sigma value matches the Tau value in the Adjusted Observations statistics.


    Individual GPS Observation Statistics

More Information

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Overview

These statistics show the observation ID, reference factor, and redundancy number (degrees of freedom) of each observation included (used) in the adjustment.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears.

2.	From the Contents, click GPS Observation Statistics.

Sample statistics are shown below:

Observation ID	Reference Factor	Redundancy Number
B1	1.56	2.03
B2	0.96	1.88
B3	1.21	1.66
B4	2.06	1.93

These fields are included:

Observation ID

Use this field to learn the project record number assigned to the observation. The record number includes the letter B followed by one or more numbers.

Reference Factor

Use this field to learn how much the reference factor for each individual observation contributes to the reference factor for the GPS Observation Statistics.

NOTE: The reference factors of all individual observations are considered when computing the reference factor for all GPS observations. This latter value, along with the reference factor for geoid observations, is used to compute the network reference factor.

Redundancy Number

Use this field to learn how much redundancy each GPS observation contributes to the GPS Observation Statistics. This field lets you know if the individual GPS observation lacks redundancy.The Redundancy Number for the GPS Observation Statistics, along with the Redundancy Number for Geoid Observations, is used to compute the network’s degrees of freedom.

Consider these guidelines:

  After evaluating the network reference factor and degrees of freedom in the Global Statistics section, evaluate these individual observation statistics. All of the individual Reference Factors should be centered on 1.0.

  When evaluating the list, look for consistency. Note any extremes much greater than or less than 1.0. Remove outliers from the adjustment to achieve more consistency in the individual reference factor statistics.

  Individual Redundancy Numbers give an evaluation of the redundancy each observation contributes to global Degrees of Freedom for the network.

  All numbers should be greater than 0.00 and less than or equal to 3.00.

  The closer the Redundancy number is to 3.00, the more redundancy the observation is contributing to the network.

  A redundancy number of 0.00 suggests the observation is only connected to one end of another observation. In surveying terms, this condition is a called a side-shot. If the side-shot was not intentional, check why the observation does not contribute to the network’s overall redundancy.

NOTE: The status of an observation associated with a side-shot can be set to Enable as check.


    Number of Iterations

More Information

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Overview

Use the message displayed in this field to learn number of iterations performed to successfully converge the adjustment.

To access this message:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The Number of Iterations field appears.

All possible messages are shown below:

Successful Adjustment in # iteration/s

Successful Adjustment in # iteration/s (final convergence cutoff used)

(# = number of iterations)

The number of reported iterations never exceeds the Maximum Iterations selected in the Edit Adjustment Style dialog.

NOTE: If an adjustment cannot converge, a report is not generated.


    Adjusted Observations

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Overview

Use these statistics to learn this information about adjusted GPS and geoid observations:

  Datum used in the adjustment

  Critical Tau value used in the adjustment

  Observation components with their associated a posteriori standard (estimated) error, residual, and standardized residuals

  Observation components flagged as outliers

  Transformation parameters with their associated error estimates (fully constrained adjustment)

  A summary of the observations used in the adjustment and a list of all the observations (GPS, terrestrial, and geoid).

Use the observation tables of GPS, terrestrial, and geoid observations to:

  Verify the number of observations used in the adjustment.

  Evaluate the a posteriori standard errors of each observation component.

  Identify those observation components exceeding the critical Tau defined for the network (outliers). Suspect observations (outliers) are highlighted in red.

  Identify any unexpected transformation and large-error estimates in parameters.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Observations.

The Adjusted Observations statistics appear.

The section is divided into these parts:

  GPS

  Terrestrial

  Geoid

NOTE: You can select observations in the Survey view from the Network Adjustment report. To do this, select the observation ID from the Network Adjustment report. (To select multiple observations, use the Ctrl key). When an observation is selected in the report, the current selection in the Survey view is cleared and replaced by the observation(s) selected from the report.


    Point Error Ellipses

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Overview

Use these statistics to view a graphical representation of the magnitude and direction of the point errors (both horizontal and vertical). Point error ellipses graphically show the horizontal coordinate a posteriori standard errors of an adjustment point and covariant term between points.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Point Error Ellipses.

The Point Error Ellipses statistics appear.

Consider these guidelines:

  The top of the ellipse is oriented to north.

  Arrows to the right of the ellipse represent the a posteriori standard errors for the heights and elevations.

  The bar scales running through the ellipse and arrow indicate the magnitude of the errors.

  The value of the bar-scale tick value is displayed in the project units along with the error ellipses. Using the Ellipse toolbar in the graphics window, you can edit the bar-scale tick value to adjust the resolution of the bar scale. The Ellipse toolbar does not affect the scale of the Network Adjustment report’s error ellipses.

  The orientation of the semi-major axis (axis indicating the direction of the largest error) is shown to lower-right of the ellipse. This angle is measured counter-clockwise from the positive-east bar scale.

  The standard errors for horizontal and vertical coordinates are multiplied by the bivariate and univariate sigma scalars, respectively.


    Statistical Summary

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Overview

Use this part of the report to quickly gain access to the statistical summary sections.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The Statistical Summary appears.

The statistical summary is an important tool for analyzing adjustment results. These key report sections are accessible from the summary:

  Number of Iterations

  Global Statistics

  Statistics for Observation Types

  Statistics for Variance Groups

  Weighting Strategies

  Individual GPS Observation Statistics

Typically, you will go straight to the statistical summary (and specifically to the Global Statistics) to analyze your overall results when performing a minimally constrained adjustment. The Chi-square test, network reference factor, and degrees of freedom values are key indicators for showing how well the network fits together.


    Variance Groups Statistics

More Information

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Overview

Use the Variance Group Statistics summary to learn the reference factor and redundancy number (degrees of freedom) determined for each variance group.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Report Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents, click Statistical Summary.

The variance group statistics for each observation type can be viewed.

These fields are reported for each variance group:

Group Name

This field shows the variance group name.

Reference Factor

This field shows how much each variance group contributes to the network reference factor. Every variance group has its own estimated errors, hence its own reference factor.

Redundancy Number

This field shows you how much redundancy each variance group contributes to the network’s degrees of freedom. Use this field to learn if a variance group lacks redundancy.


    Weighting Strategies

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use these statistics to learn if the correct scaling method, scalar type and scalar value was applied to sets of GPS observations, geoid observations, or variance groups.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Report Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents, click Weighting Strategies.

The Weighting Strategies statistics appear.

Separate summaries, consisting of a Title, descriptive String and a Scalar field, are generated for each set of GPS observations, terrestrial observations, geoid observations, and variance groups. A sample summary for GPS Observations is shown below:

GPS Observations
Default Scalar Set Applied to All Observations
Scalar: 1.00

The above example means the Default scalar type was applied to the All GPS observations using the default Scalar value of 1.0. Descriptions of the fields appearing in the Weighting Strategies report section are described below. Note that several combinations of these summaries could appear in the report, depending on the number of observation groups and the type of weighting strategies applied to sets of observations.

The relationship of the Title, String, and Scalar field are shown below:

Title	·	GPS Observations
String	·	Default Scalar Set Applied to All Observations
Scalar field	·	Scalar: 1.00

Title

In the above example, GPS Observations is the title of a set of weighting strategies applied to all GPS observations. A title for each type of observation group used in the adjustment will appear under the Weighting Strategies section.

Apply Scalars to/Scalar Type

The first field of the summary for each observation set is a string, representing the type of scalar used along with the method used to apply the scalar to a set of observations. It immediately follows a title describing the set of observations. In the example above, the title is ‘GPS Observations’ and the string is ‘Default Scalar Applied to All Observations’.

The four words ‘Scalar Applied To’ always appears in the string. These words are preceded by the Scalar Type setting and followed by the Apply Scalars To setting. These settings are defined in the Weighting Strategies dialog. Possible string combinations for various sets of observations are listed below:

  Default Scalar Applied to All Observations

  Alternative Scalar Applied to All Observations

  User-defined Scalar Applied to All Observations

  Default Scalar Applied to Each Observation

  Alternative Scalar Applied to Each Observation

  Default Scalar Applied to Variance Group

  Alternative Scalar Applied to Variance Group

  User-defined Scalar Applied to Variance Group

NOTE: The Automatic scalar type option runs multiple iterations of the alternative scalar. If the Automatic scalar type is selected, and the adjustment is successfully completed, the user-defined scalar is displayed in the strings listed above. If the automatic adjustment is unsuccessful (the Chi-square test fails) the alternative scalar is displayed in the strings listed above.

Verify the correct weighting strategies in the string and use the Scalar field, below, to determine if the correct Scalar was applied to each set of observations or variance groups.

Scalar field

The Scalar field identifies the scalar value applied to each set of observations. Depending on how many observation groups you have in an adjustment, several of these fields could appear in the report. Collectively, each string and Scalar value represent the weighting strategies applied to their respective set of observations.

Evaluate each of these fields to learn if the Scalar values applied to the corresponding set of observations is reasonable. Because several combinations of weighting strategies could be defined to several sets of observations, this report section could include several pairs of strings and scalar values. You need to evaluate each set of fields as a group.


    Grid Coordinates

More Information

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Overview

These statistics show the adjusted grid coordinates of each point in the last adjustment. The coordinates include the a posteriori standard errors (multiplied by the univariate sigma scalar) associated with each coordinate component. The univariate error selected in the adjustment style is displayed at the top of the Coordinate listing.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Coordinates − Grid.

The Grid Coordinate statistics are displayed.

These columns are included:

Column	What it shows
Point Name	The name of the point described in the remaining columns.
Northing	The adjusted Northing component of the point, in coordinate system units.
N error	The error computed for the adjusted Northing component, in project units.
Easting	The adjusted Easting component of the point, in coordinate system units.
E error	The error computed for the adjusted Easting component, in coordinate system units.
Elevation	The adjusted Elevation coordinate component for the point, in project units.
e error	The error computed for the adjusted Elevation coordinate component, in project units.
Fix	The constrained points in the adjustment and the constrained coordinate component. Constrained coordinate components include horizontal only (2D), vertical only (Height or Elevation), or horizontal and vertical.
These codes appear in the Fix column to identify components:

Code	Meaning
N E	Horizontal 2D
h	Height
e	Elevation
NOTE: All constrained points may not have a posteriori standard errors associated with coordinate components. These errors are displayed as 0.000. If no value is available for a component or  the associated a posteriori errors, N/A is displayed in the column.


    Geodetic Coordinates

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use this statistics table to view the adjusted geodetic coordinates of each point in the last adjustment. The coordinates include the a posteriori standard errors, multiplied by the univariate sigma scalar, associated with each coordinate component.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Coordinates − Geodetic.

The Geodetic Coordinates statistics appear.

These columns are included:

Column	What it shows
Point Name	The name of the point described in the remaining columns.
Latitude	The adjusted Latitude coordinate component of the point in the adjustment datum.
N error	The error computed for the Latitude coordinate component, in project units.
Longitude	The adjusted Longitude coordinate component of the point in the adjustment datum.
E error	The error computed for the Longitude coordinate component, in project units.
Height	The adjusted Height above the Ellipsoid coordinate component for the point, in project units.
h error	The error computed for the Height above the Ellipsoid coordinate component, in project units.
Fix	The constrained points in the adjustment and the constrained coordinate component. Constrained coordinate components include horizontal only (2D), vertical only (Ellipsoid Height or Elevation), or horizontal and vertical.
These codes appear in the Fix column to identify components:

Code	Meaning
Lat Long	Horizontal 2D
h	Height
e	Elevation
NOTE: All constrained points may not have a posteriori standard errors associated with coordinate components. These errors are displayed as 0.000. If no value is available for a component or the associated a posteriori errors, N/A is displayed in the column.


    Global Statistics

More Information

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Overview

These statistics show how well the network is fitting together.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The Global Statistics appear.

A sample report section is shown below:

Network Reference Factor :	6.42
Chi-Square Test (a=95%) :	FAIL
Degrees of Freedom         :	36.00

These fields are included:

Network Reference Factor

This value lets you know how well the adjustment a priori (preadjustment) errors are matching the a posteriori (post-adjustment) errors.

The network reference factor is useful for learning if the random errors in the observations are acceptable and if they match the estimated standard errors for those observations. The network reference factor should be about equal to 1.0.

Chi-Square Test

This value lets you know how well the adjustment network fits together. If the reference factor is close to 1.0 and the degrees of freedom is acceptable, and the network is fitting together mathematically, and the Chi-square test passes.

When performing a successful least-squares adjustment, mathematical closure of the network is one important factor. Consider the Chi-square test to be your first indicator of mathematical closure.

Degrees of Freedom

This value lets you know the global amount of redundancy in the network. Degrees of freedom identifies the number of independent observations included in the adjustment that were used to over-determine solutions. The larger the number, the more redundancy you have in the adjustment.

The redundancy numbers for GPS observations, terrestrial observations, and geoid observations are used collectively to determine this global degrees of freedom value for the network.


    Statistics for Observation Types

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use these statistics to learn the reference factor (RF) and redundancy number (degrees of freedom) determined for each observation type; that is, GPS, terrestrial, and geoid.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary.

The GPS Observation Statistics, Terrestrial Observation Statistics, or Geoid Observation Statistics section appears.

The Geoid Model Statistics are available after loading geoid observations.

For more information, see these topics:

  GPS Observation Statistics

  Terrestrial Observation Statistics

  Geoid Model Statistics


    GPS Observation Statistics

More Information

 See also

Overview

View the Reference Factor and Redundancy Number (Degrees of Freedom) determined for GPS observations in the GPS Observation Statistics summary of the statistics for observation types.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary − GPS Observation.

The Statistics for GPS Observation Types appear with the GPS Observation Statistics appearing at the head of the section.

These fields are reported:

Reference Factor

Each observation type has its own estimated errors, hence its own reference factor. This value shows you how much each observation type contributes to the network reference factor. The Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you to work with each observation method (GPS, terrestrial, or geoid) separately to weight each observation group independently, then apply the proper amount of scaling to the error estimates of each group.

Redundancy Number

Redundancy Number, sometimes called degrees of freedom, is an indicator of how much each observation contributes to overall redundancy. Use this statistic to identify which observations lack redundancy.

GPS Variance Group Statistics

These fields are reported for each variance group:

  Group Name

  Reference Factor − This field shows how much each variance group contributes to the network reference factor. Every variance group has its own estimated errors, and therefore its own reference factor.

  Redundancy Number  − This field shows you how much redundancy each variance group contributes to the network’s degrees of freedom. Use this field to check if a variance group lacks redundancy.

Individual GPS Observation Statistics

These fields are reported for GPS observation:

  Observation ID

  Reference Factor − This field shows how much each GPS observation contributes to the network reference factor. Every GPS observation has its own estimated errors, and therefore its own reference factor.

  Redundancy Number − This field shows you how much redundancy each GPS observation contributes to the network’s degrees of freedom. A large number indicates more redundancy. Use this field to check if a GPS observation lacks redundancy.


Terrestrial Observation Statistics

Overview

To check the reference factor and redundancy number (degrees of freedom) determined for terrestrial observations, use the Terrestrial Observation Statistics summary of the statistics for observation types.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary − Terrestrial Observation.

The Terrestrial Observation Statistics section appears.

These fields are reported:

Reference Factor

Each observation type has its own estimated errors, and therefore its own reference factor. This value shows you how much each observation type contributes to the reference factor for the network. The Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you work with each observation method (GPS, terrestrial, or geoid) separately to weight each observation group independently. You can then apply the proper amount of scaling to the error estimates of each group.

Redundancy Number

The redundancy number, sometimes called the degrees of freedom, is an indicator of how much each observation contributes to overall redundancy. Use this statistic to check which observations lack redundancy.

Terrestrial Statistics by Type

If the following observation types are present in the adjustment, their reference factors and redundancy numbers are shown:

  Horizontal Angles

  Trigonometric Elevations

  Ellipsoid Distances

  Delta Elevations

  Azimuths

Terrestrial Variance Group Statistics

These fields are reported for each variance group:

  Group Name

  Reference Factor − This field shows how much each variance group contributes to the Network Reference Factor. Every variance group has its own estimated errors, and therefore its own Reference Factor.

  Redundancy Number − This field shows you how much redundancy each variance group contributes to the network’s degrees of freedom. Use this field to check if a variance group lacks redundancy.


    Geoid Model Statistics

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use the Geoid Observation Statistics summary of the Statistics for Observation Types to learn the reference factor and redundancy number (degrees of freedom) determined for geoid observations.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Statistical Summary − Geoid Model.

The Geoid Model Statistics appear.

These fields are reported:

Reference Factor

Each observation type has its own estimated errors, hence its own reference factor (RF). This value shows you how much each observation type contributes to the network reference factor. Trimble Geomatics Office software lets you work with each observation method (GPS, terrestrial or geoid) separately to weight each observation group independently, then apply the proper amount of scaling to the error estimates of each group.

Redundancy Number

Redundancy number, called degrees of freedom for the overall network, is an indicator of how much each observation contributes to overall redundancy. Use this statistic to identify which observations lack redundancy.


    Adjusted GPS Observations

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use the observations in the Adjusted GPS Observations table to:

  Verify the number of GPS observations used in the adjustment.

  Evaluate the a posteriori standard errors of each observation component.

  Identify those GPS observations components exceeding the critical Tau defined for network (outliers). Suspect observations are highlighted in red to help identify outliers.

  Identify any unexpected transformation and large-error estimates in parameters.

These fields may precede the adjusted GPS Observations table:

NOTE: Transformation Parameter fields are reported based on the status of the parameter. The parameter status will produce the following reported values:

Unused − A parameter set to unused status will result in no reported values.

User-defined − A parameter set to user-defined status will appear as the value set by the user regardless of the number of constrained coordinate components.

Computed − A parameter set to computed status will appear after constraining the required number of coordinate components.

For more information about defining and computing transformation parameters, see Transformation Parameters - Overview .

To access these statistics:

  Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Observations − GPS

The Adjusted GPS Observations statistics are displayed.

These statistics are included:

GPS Transformation Group

This field shows the name of each transformation group included in the adjustment. This field also serves as a heading to distinguish the reported information for each  transformation group from one another.

Deflection in Longitude

These fields show the Deflection in Longitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of three heights and one 2D point is fixed.

NOTE: This varies from a geoid transformation group where a minimum requirement of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point are fixed.

Deflection in Latitude

These fields show the Deflection in Latitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of three heights and one 2D point is fixed.

NOTE: This varies from a geoid transformation group where a minimum requirement of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point are fixed.

Azimuth Rotation

These fields show the Azimuth Rotation parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of two 2D points is fixed.

Network Scale

These fields show the Network Scale parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of one height and two 2D points are fixed.

Distance Scale

These fields show the Distance Scale parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is used to eliminate a systematic error in distances

Distance Constant

These fields show the Distance Constant parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is used to eliminate a systematic error in distances.

Height Constant

These fields show the Height Constant parameter’s Value and estimated error. This parameter eliminates system height error.

Number of Observations

This field shows the total number of GPS observations included in the adjustment.

Number of Outliers

This field shows the total number of outliers (GPS observations with high residuals) found in the adjustment.

Observation Adjustment (Critical Tau = #)

This field shows the critical Tau value used in the adjustment. This field is immediately followed by the Adjusted GPS Observations table.

These columns are included in the adjusted GPS Observations table:

Column	What it shows
Observation ID	The record name assigned to the observation in the project. For GPS Observations, the ID number is preceded by the character "B".
From Point	The name of the start point.
To Point	The name of the end point.
Observations	The adjusted values for the GPS observation components.
A posteriori Error (Sigma value)	The a posteriori estimated error for the GPS observation components. The sigma scalar set in the adjustment style is displayed in the column heading.
Residual	The observation residual for the GPS observation components.
Std. Residual	The standardized residual for the GPS observation components. The standardized residual allows you to directly compare the errors of an angular measurement to the errors of a linear measurement.


Adjusted Terrestrial Observations

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use the observations in the Adjusted Terrestrial Observations table to do the following:

  Verify the number of terrestrial observations used in the adjustment.

  Evaluate the a posteriori standard errors of each observation component.

  Identify those terrestrial observations components that exceed the critical Tau defined for network outliers. Suspect observations are highlighted in red to help identify outliers.

  Identify any unexpected transformation and large-error estimates in parameters.

These fields may precede the Adjusted Terrestrial Observations table:

NOTE: Transformation parameter fields are reported based on the status of the parameter. The parameter status produces the following reported values:

  Unused − gives no reported values

  User-defined − appears as the value set by the user, regardless of the number of constrained coordinate components

  Computed − will appear after the required number of coordinate components are constrained

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Observations − Terrestrial. The Adjusted Observations statistics are displayed.

The following statistics are included:

Terrestrial Transformation Group

This field shows the name of each transformation group included in the adjustment. This field also serves as a heading to distinguish the reported information for each  transformation group from one another.

Deflection in Longitude

These fields show the Deflection in Longitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of three heights and one 2D point is fixed.

NOTE: This varies from a geoid transformation group where a minimum requirement of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point are fixed.

Deflection in Latitude

These fields show the Deflection in Latitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of three heights and one 2D point is fixed.

NOTE: This varies from a geoid transformation group where a minimum requirement of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point are fixed.

Azimuth Rotation

These fields show the Azimuth Rotation parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of two 2D points is fixed.

Network Scale

These fields show the Network Scale parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of one height and two 2D points are fixed.

Distance Scale

These fields show the Distance Scale parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is used to eliminate a systematic error in distances

Distance Constant

These fields show the Distance Constant parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is used to eliminate a systematic error in distances.

Height Constant

These fields show the Height Constant parameter’s Value and estimated error. This parameter eliminates system height error.

Number of Observations

This field shows the total number of terrestrial observations included in the adjustment.

Number of Outliers

This field shows the total number of outliers (terrestrial observations with high residuals) found in the adjustment.

Observation Adjustment (Critical Tau = #)

This field shows the critical Tau value used in the adjustment. This field is immediately followed by the Adjusted GPS Observations table.

These columns are included in the adjusted Terrestrial Observations table:

Column	What it shows
Observation ID	The record name assigned to the observation in the project. For terrestrial observations, the ID number is preceded by the character "T".
Backsight Point	The name of the backsight point.
Occupied Point	The name of the occupied point.
Foresight Point	The name of the foresight point.
Observation	The adjusted values for the terrestrial observation components.
A posteriori Error (Sigma value)	The a posteriori estimated error for the terrestrial observation components. The sigma scalar set in the adjustment style is displayed in the column heading.
Residual	The observation residual for the terrestrial observation components.
Std. Residual	The standardized residual for the terrestrial observation components. The standardized residual allows you to directly compare the errors of an angular measurement to the errors of a linear measurement.


    Adjusted Geoid Observations

More Information

 See also

Overview

Use these statistics to examine this information about the adjusted geoid observations:

  Critical Tau value used in the adjustment

  Geoid observation with its associated a posteriori standard (estimated) error, residual, and standardized residuals

  Geoid observations flagged in red as outliers

  Transformation parameters with their associated error estimates (fully constrained adjustment)

  A summary of the geoid observations used in the adjustment and a table containing information about of all the geoid observations

Use the observations in the Adjusted Geoid Observations table to:

  Verify the number of geoid observations used in the adjustment.

  Evaluate the a posteriori standard errors of each observation.

  Identify those geoid observation exceeding the critical Tau defined for the network (outliers). Suspect observations are highlighted in red to help identify outliers.

  Identify any unexpected transformation and large-error estimates in parameters.

These fields may precede the adjusted Geoid Observations table:

NOTE: Transformation Parameter fields are reported based on the status of the parameter. The parameter status produces the following reported values:

Unused − A parameter set to unused status will result in no reported values.

User-defined − A parameter set to user-defined status will appear as the value set by the user regardless of the number of constrained coordinate components.

Computed − A parameter set to computed status will appear after constraining the required number of coordinate components.

See Transformation Parameters − Overview (Hyperlink) for more information about defining and computing Transformation Parameters.

To access these statistics:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjusted Observations − Geoid. The Adjusted Geoid Observations statistics are displayed.

These statistics are available:

Geoid Transformation Group

This field shows the name of the geoid transformation group included in the adjustment. Since only the default transformation group exists, this part of the report section will always list the <Geoid Default> transformation group.

Deflection in Longitude

These fields list the Deflection in Longitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. For the geoid transformation groups, this value is computed and reported when a minimum of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point is fixed. This varies from the GPS transformation where a minimum requirement of three heights and one 2D point are fixed.

Deflection in Latitude

These fields list the Deflection in Latitude parameter’s Value and estimated error. For geoid transformation groups, this value is computed and reported when a minimum of six heights (3 orthometric heights and 3 ellipsoid) and one 2D point are fixed. This varies from a GPS transformation group where a minimum requirement of three heights and one 2D point are fixed.

Height Constant

These fields list the Height Constant parameter’s Value and estimated error. This value is computed and reported when a minimum of one elevation and one height is fixed.

NOTE: The Azimuth Rotation, Network Scale, Distance Scale, and Distant Constant parameters are not used when transforming geoid heights.

Number of Observations

This field shows the total number of geoid observations included in the adjustment.

Number of Outliers

This field shows the total number of outliers (GPS observations with high residuals) found in the adjustment.

Observation Adjustment (Critical Tau = #)

This field shows the critical Tau value used in the adjustment. This field is immediately followed by the adjusted Geoid Observations table.

These columns are included in the Adjusted Geoid Observations table:

Column	What it shows
Observation ID	The record name assigned to the geoid observation in the project. For Geoid Observations, the ID number is preceded by the character "G".
Point Name	The name of the points used to extract geoid observations from the geoid model.
Separation	The adjusted value.
A-posteriori Error (Sigma value)	The a posteriori estimated error. The sigma scalar set in the adjustment style is displayed in the column heading.
Residual	The observation residual.
Std. Residual	The standardized residual. The standardized residual allows you to directly compare the errors of an angular measurement to the errors of a linear measurement.
NOTE: If correlations are computed for the geoid, then all adjusted separations will have residuals. If correlations are not computed, then only points with vertical constraints will have geoid residuals.


Adjustment Style Settings

Overview

In this section of the report, view a summary of the settings that were made for the network adjustment. To access the adjustment style settings:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Adjustment Style Settings.

The following adjustment style settings are shown:

Residual Tolerances

The residual tolerance settings are shown for the following values:

  To End Iterations

  Final Covergence Cutoff

Covariance Display

The following Horizontal Error Parameters information is shown:

  Propagated Linear Error [E]

  Constant Term [C]

  Scale on Linear Error [S]

The following information related to the three-dimensional parameters is shown:

  Propagated Linear Error [E]

  Constant Term [C]

  Scale on Linear Error [S]

The section also shows whether you selected the Use Elevation Errors if Available option.

Adjustment Controls

The following information is shown:

  Compute Correlations for Geoid

  Whether a horizontal or vertical adjustment (or both) has been performed.

NOTE: This section is only shown if the adjustment includes terrestrial observations.

Set-up Errors

The following GPS setup errors are shown:

  Error in Height of Antenna

  Centering Error

The following terrestrial setup errors are shown:

  Error in Height of Instrument

  Centering Error

NOTE: The terrestrial setup errors are only listed if terrestrial observations are included in the adjustment.

For more information about the Setup Errors settings, see Setup Errors.


Network Adjustment Report Setup dialog

Overview

Use this dialog to select the information that is displayed in the Network Adjustment report.

To do this:

  Select Reports / Set-up / Network Adjustment Report. The Network Adjustment Report Setup dialog appears.

The items that you can display in the Network Adjustment report are:

  Individual GPS Observation Statistics

  Adjusted Grid Coordinates

  Adjusted Geodetic Coordinates

  Coordinate Deltas

  Control Coordinate Comparisons

  Point Error Ellipses

  Covariant Terms

NOTE: For large projects, generating Point Error Ellipses and Covariant Terms displays is time-consuming. Disable these options in the Network Adjustment Report Setup dialog to generate reports more quickly.


Control Coordinate Comparisons

Overview

If you perform an adjustment on a point that has unconstrained Control quality coordinates, the Network Adjustment report shows the difference between the unconstrained control point coordinates and the adjusted control point coordinates.

To view the control coordinate comparisons:

1.	Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The default HTML viewer starts and the Network Adjustment report appears with the Adjustment Header at the top.

2.	From the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen, click Control Coordinate Comparisions.

The control coordinate comparisons are shown in a table with the following fields:

Point Name

Name of the point with a control quality.

Delta values

The difference between the unconstrained control coordinates and the adjusted control coordinates are shown for the:

  Delta Northing

  Delta Easting

  Delta Elevation

  Delta Height

NOTE: The differences are shown as:

Control coordinate difference = control coordinate − Adjusted coordinate


    Adjust command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to perform a network adjustment.

Before using this command, ensure that all Adjustment Style settings are correct, control point coordinates are set, and observations are available

To perform an adjustment, do one of the following:

  Select Adjustment / Adjust.

  Press F10.

The adjustment begins.

After each adjustment iteration, an observation residual is computed using two different software routines. The difference of the two computations are compared to the To End Iterations tolerance. Based on this comparison, one of the following actions takes place:

  If the difference between the computed observation residuals is less than the To End Iterations tolerance, the adjustment iterations stop. A message is included in the Network Adjustment report stating "Successful Adjustment in # iterations", where ## are the number of iterations required to converge the network.

  If the difference between the computed observation residuals is greater than the To End Iterations tolerance, the adjustment iterations continue. If the adjustment continues until reaching the Maximum Iterations, the Final Convergence Cutoff is used (see below).

Enter the convergence cutoff tolerance for the final iteration of the network adjustment. The software uses this value to determine if the network adjustment is successful when the final iteration does not pass the To End Iterations tolerance.

If the computed difference in observation residual for the last adjustment iteration is greater than the To End Iterations tolerance, the residual is compared to the Final Convergence Cutoff and one of these actions takes place:

  If the deference between the computed observation residual is less than the Final Convergence Cutoff, the adjustment is successful and a message is displayed stating "Successful Final Convergence after ## iterations (final convergence cutoff used)", where ## are the number of iterations required to converge the network.

  If the observation residual is greater than the Final Convergence Cutoff, the adjustment fails and a warning dialog appears stating "Adjustment failed. No Convergence".

For more information about the network adjustment process, see Network Adjustment.

For more information about the iterations and computations performed during the process, see Residual Tolerances.


    Adjustment Styles command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to view, create, copy, edit, rename, and delete adjustment styles.

To view the Network Adjustment Styles dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Adjustment Styles.


    Datum command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to choose the datum used in the adjustment.

To view the Datum submenu:

  Select Adjustment / Datum.

The Datum submenu appears with these commands:

  WGS-84

  Project Datum


    Observation Groups command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to define the variance and transformation groups used in the adjustment.

To view the Observation Groups submenu:

  Select Adjustment / Observation Groups.

The Groups submenu appears with these commands:

  Variance Groups

  Transformation Groups


    Network Adjustment Report command

More Information

How to ...	Report	See also
Overview

Select this command to view the Network Adjustment report.

To view the Network Adjustment report:

  Select Reports / Network Adjustment Report. The report is generated in HTML format and the default HTML viewer for the computer is automatically launched to display the report data.

For more information about the report, see Network Adjustment report.


    Observations command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to view and evaluate observations. This command also lets you include or exclude observations from the network adjustment.

To view the Observations dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observations.


    Points command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to open the Points dialog, with options for viewing, setting, and clearing the Fix status of the control point’s coordinate components used in a network adjustment:

To view the Points dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Points.


    Project Datum command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to select the project datum as the datum used in the adjustment. The project datum is set in the Coordinate Systems tab of the Project Properties dialog. The project datum is used when you are performing a fully constrained adjustment, or a minimally constrained adjustment on terrestrial data.

To select the project datum:

  Select Adjustment / Datum / Project Datum − <datum>. A check mark appears next to Project Datum − <datum>.


    Remove Adjustment command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to remove the current adjustment.

To remove adjusted values:

  Select Adjustment / Remove Adjustment.

Use this option to return your network to the configuration you had before the adjustment. For example, when you use this command:

  the datum is set to WGS-84

  no points have a fixed status

  error ellipses are removed

  geoid observations are unloaded

  scalars are reset to the All Observations and default options

NOTE: Observations that were disabled for adjustment, and those for which the Use in network adjustment check box was cleared, are not reset to the previous state.


    Transformation Groups command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to define the observation transformation groups used in the adjustment.

To view the Transformation Groups dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Transformation Groups.


    Variance Groups command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Select this command to define the observation variance groups used in the adjustment.

To view the Variance Groups dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Observation Groups / Variance Groups.


    WGS-84 command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to use WGS-84 as the datum in the adjustment.  The WGS-84 datum should be used when performing a minimally constrained adjustment on GPS observations.

To select the WGS-84 datum:

  Select Adjustment / Datum / WGS-84. A check mark appears next to WGS-84.


    Weighting Strategies command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to display the Weighting Strategies dialog with options for defining and applying the scalar weighting strategies used in the adjustment.

To view the Weighting Strategies dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Weighting Strategies.


    Save command (Calibration Coordinates)

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to save the calibration coordinates after performing a minimally constrained GPS adjustment. The calibration coordinates consist of the WGS-84 latitudes, longitudes and ellipsoid heights generated during the minimally constrained adjustment.

These coordinates are used as the GPS coordinates when performing a site calibration with Trimble Geomatics Office software.

To view the Save Calibration Coordinates dialog:

  Select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates / Save.

NOTE: This command is unavailable when you are using the project datum to adjust the network, or when there is terrestrial data in the adjustment.

NOTE: When calibration coordinates are saved, a WGS-84 calibration coordinate is saved for the point.


    Remove command (Calibration Coordinates)

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Calibration coordinates are WGS-84 latitudes, longitudes, and ellipsoid heights that are generated during a minimally constrained GPS adjustment on the WGS-84 datum. Select this command to remove them from the project:

  Select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates / Remove.


    Disable Observation command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command when you want to fully disable an observation that appears in the list of adjustment observations. Fully disabling an observation removes it from the Observations list and it is no longer used in adjustments or recomputations.

NOTE: Disabling an observation is not the same as excluding an observation. Excluded observations continue to appear in the Observations list, but are not processed in adjustments or recomputations.

To disable an observation:

1.	Select Adjustment / Observations. The Observations dialog appears.

2.	Right-click the appropriate observation to access the shortcut menu and then select Disable Observation.

The observation is removed from the Observations list and is no longer used in adjustments or recomputations.

You cannot re-enable an observation from the Observations dialog. Instead, select the observation and re-enable its disabled properties from the graphics window. The observation is re-enabled by changing its status from disabled to enabled.


    Calibration Coordinates command

More Information

How to ...	Dialog	See also
Overview

Select this command to display a submenu with commands for saving and removing calibration coordinates.

To access the submenu:

  Select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates.

A menu appears with these commands:

  Save

  Remove


    Save Calibration Coordinates dialog

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Use the Save Calibration Coordinates dialog to select how calibration coordinates are saved.

NOTE: This option is only available if the adjustment datum is set to WGS-84 and only GPS observations have been adjusted.

To access it:

  Select Adjustment / Calibration Coordinates / Save.

The Save coordinates for calibration group includes these options:

Existing Points

If you choose to save them under the Existing points, the coordinates are saved as an additional coordinate called Calibration Set.

New Points with Suffix

If you choose to save them under New points with the suffix: GPS, a new point record is created with the point name “<Point Name>-GPS”. You can change the ‘GPS’ suffix before saving the calibration coordinates.

For more information, see Saving Calibration Coordinates.


    Ellipse Controls toolbar

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

The Ellipse Controls toolbar allows you to filter the error ellipses, height error arrows and elevation error arrows appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment. Controls are also provided for scaling the size of the error ellipses and adjusting the size of tick marks.

To view the Ellipse Controls toolbar:

  From the Survey view, select View / Toolbars / Ellipse Controls.

  From the Survey view toolbar area, right-click and select Ellipse Controls.

The Ellipse Controls toolbar appears. You can select this command again to hide the toolbar.

NOTE: You can also use the Error Ellipse Controls tab in the View options dialog to control the display of error ellipses.

These toolbar buttons are available:

	This button toggles the Error Ellipses command. Toggling this command is equivalent to selecting and clearing the Show point Error Ellipses & Arrows check box in the View Options dialog. The Height Error and Elevation Error commands (buttons) become available when this button is toggled on.
	This button toggles the Height Error command and is only available when the Error Ellipses command has been toggled on.
	This button toggles the Elevation Error command and is only available when the Error Ellipses command has been toggled on.

These controls are also available:

Error Ellipse Scale

The Error Ellipse Scale, shown below, controls the size of the error ellipses appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment.

Sliding the control to the left decreases ellipse size and sliding it to the right has the opposite effect.

Size of Tick Marks

This control, shown below, adjusts the error ellipse bar scale tick distance.

The spin buttons control the distance between the tick marks displayed in the Graphics window. The bar scale becomes longer when increased in size and the distance between the tick marks is adjusted to match the value appearing in the Size of Tick Marks control. The opposite is true when the bar scale tick setting is decreased.


    Ellipse Controls command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to show or hide the Ellipse Controls toolbar.

To show or hide the Ellipse Controls toolbar:

  Select View / Toolbars / Ellipse Controls.

The toolbar is shown or hidden each time this command is executed.

NOTE: You can also configure the error ellipse controls from the Error Ellipse Controls tab in the View Options dialog.


    Error Ellipse command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

The Error Ellipse command is available on the Ellipse Controls toolbar. This command filters the Error Ellipses and Arrows appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment. The Height Errors and Elevation Errors command buttons on the toolbar become available when this command is selected.

NOTE: The Error Ellipses command is equivalent to selecting the Point Error Ellipses & Arrows check box from the View Options dialog. Changing the state of this check box also changes the current Error Ellipse button setting. For more information, see Filtering Error Ellipses and Arrows.

To select the Error Ellipse command:

1.	View the Ellipse Controls toolbar.

For more information, see Showing and Hiding the Ellipse Control Toolbar.

2.	To filter the Error Ellipses and Arrows, click [image].

The Error Ellipses are shown or hidden, depending on their original state when the button was pressed. The Height Error and Elevation Error buttons become available when the Error Ellipses button is selected. If the Height Error and Elevation Error arrow toolbars are selected, the Height and/or Elevation arrows are also displayed.


    Height Errors command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to filter the height error arrows, appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment.

NOTE: You must select the Error Ellipse command on the Ellipse Controls toolbar, or the Show point error ellipses and arrows check box on the View Options dialog before this command will become available.

To select the Height Errors command:

1.	View the Ellipse Controls toolbar.

2.	To filter the Error Ellipses and Arrows, click [image]. The Error Ellipses are shown or hidden, depending on their original state when the button was pressed. The Height Error button becomes available when the Error Ellipses button is selected.

3.	From the Ellipse Control toolbar, click [image].

The Height arrows are shown or hidden each time you click the button.


    Elevation Errors command

More Information

How to ...	See also
Overview

Select this command to filter the elevation error arrows, appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment.

NOTE:  The Error Ellipse command on the Ellipse Controls toolbar or the Show point Error Ellipses and Arrows check box on the View Options dialog must be selected before this command becomes available.

To select the Elevation Errors command:

1.	View the Ellipse control toolbar.

For more information, see Showing and Hiding the Ellipse Control Toolbar.

2.	To filter the Error Ellipses and Arrows, click [image]. The Error Ellipses are shown or hidden, depending on their original state when the button was pressed. The Elevation Error button become available when the Error Ellipses button is selected.

3.	From the Ellipse Control toolbar, click [image].

The Elevation arrows are shown or hidden each time you click the button.


To show or hide the Ellipse Controls toolbar

 Overview and More Information

Overview

The Ellipse Controls toolbar can be used to control the size and display of the error ellipses and arrows appearing in the graphics window.

To view the Ellipse Controls toolbar, do one of the following:

  From the Survey view, select View / Toolbars / Ellipse Controls.

  From the Survey view toolbar area, right-click and select Ellipse Controls.

The Ellipse Controls toolbar appears.


To change the displayed size of error ellipses

Overview

The size of the Error Ellipses appearing in the graphics window can be increased or decreased in size.

To change the displayed size of the Error Ellipses:

1.	View the Ellipse Control toolbar.

For more information, see Showing and Hiding the Ellipse Control Toolbar.

2.	From the Error Ellipse Scale, do one of the following:

  Slide the Error Ellipse Scale to the left to decrease Ellipse size.

  Slide the Error Ellipse Scale to the right to increase Ellipse size.

The size of the Error Ellipses is adjusted.


To adjust the Error Ellipse bar scale ticks

Overview

The Error Ellipse bar scale tick distance can be adjusted from the Ellipse Controls toolbar.

To adjust the Error Ellipse bar scale tick distance:

1.	View the Ellipse control toolbar.

For more information, see Showing and Hiding the Ellipse Control Toolbar.

2.	From the Size of Tick Marks control, do one of the following:

  Click the lower spin button to decrease the Error Ellipse bar scale tick distance.

  Click the upper spin button to increase the Error Ellipse bar scale tick distance.

The bar scale becomes longer when increased in size and the distance between the tick marks is adjusted to match the value appearing in the Size of Tick Marks control. The opposite is true when the bar scale tick setting is decreased.


To filter error ellipses and arrows

More Information

See also	How To ...
Overview

The error ellipses and arrows, appearing in the graphics window after an adjustment, can be filtered from the Error Ellipses toolbar or the View Options dialog.

NOTE: The Show point error ellipses & arrows check box on the View Options dialog and the Error Ellipse button on the Ellipse Controls toolbar are inter-linked. Toggling one setting affects the other control. Using the Ellipse Controls toolbar has additional advantages. For more information, see Ellipse Controls Toolbar.

To filter the error ellipses and arrows from the Ellipse Controls toolbar:

1.	View the Ellipse Controls toolbar.

2.	To filter the error ellipses and arrows, click [image]. The error ellipses are shown or hidden, depending on their original state when the button was pressed. The Height Error and Elevation Error buttons become available when the Error Ellipses button is selected. If the Height Error and Elevation Error arrow toolbars are selected, the height and/or elevation arrows are also displayed.

3.	From the Ellipse Control toolbar, do one or both of the following:

  To filter height arrows, click [image].

  To filter elevation arrows, click [image].

The height or elevation arrows are show or hidden each time you click one of these buttons.

To filter the error ellipses and arrows from the View Options dialog:

1.	Select View / Options. The View Options dialog appears.

2.	Select the Error Ellipse Controls tab.

3.	Select the Show point error ellipses & arrows check box.

The error ellipses and arrows are switched on and off each time the check box is selected.


Properties Window - Error Estimate page
    Properties Window − Error Estimate page

More Information

 See also

Overview

The Error Estimate page displays the point errors determined after a network
adjustment. This page is only available if you have the Network Adjustment
module installed. You can view this properties page after performing an adjustment.

To view the Error Estimate Page:

1.	Double-click on the point you want to view. 	The Properties window appears with the point selected.

2.	In the Survey tab, click the Error Estimate button [image].

The Error Estimates page appears. It contains the following fields:

Northing, Easting

Displays the standard errors in the horizontal coordinate components.

Elevation, Height

Displays the standard errors in the vertical coordinate components.

Confidence

Displays the confidence level of the propagated error results.